Mitchell's ancient geography, designed for academies, schools and families. A system of classical and sacred geography... With an ancient atlas

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MITCHELL'S
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY,

DESIGNED FOR

ACADEMIES, SCHOOLS, AND FAMILIES.

A SYSTEM OF

CLASSICAL AND SACKED GEOGRAPHY,

EMBELLISHED WITH

ENGRAVINGS OF REMARKABLE EVENTS, VIEWS OF ANCIENT CITIES

AND

VARIOUS INTERESTING ANTIQUE REMAINS

TOGETHER WITH AN '

ANCIENT ATLAS,

CONTAINING MAPS ILLUSTRATING THE WORK

BY S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL.

PHILADELPHIA:

THOMAS, COWPERTHWAIT & CO

1850.

Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by
S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL,

in the clerk's office of the District Court of the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania.

PRINTED BY SMITH & PETERS,

Franklin Buildings, sixth Street below Arcb, Philadelphia.

PREFACE.

THE extensive patronage bestowed on MITCHELL'S PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY and
SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY and ATLAS, determined the Publishers of those works,
some time since, to complete the Series of which they form the introductory
and secondary divisions, by the publication of a HIGH SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY
and ATLAS, comprehending a summary of Modern and Ancient Geography.

The following work constitutes the Ancient or second division of the pub-
lication proposed, and will be found to correspond, in style and general
mode of arrangement, with those portions of the series already issued. It
embraces two distinct sections ; one consisting of Classical, and the other of
Sacred Geography : together with an Atlas, specially compiled to agree with
and elucidate the Text. The chief object aimed at, in its composition, has
been to arrange, in a progressive and distinct manner, a concise account
of the countries and nations of antiquity, such as may readily be under-
stood by the more advanced pupils in our schools and academies, and also
by private students. The book and the maps are adapted to each other, and
are designed to be used in connection throughout. Questions, to be an-
swered from the Text and the Atlas, have been inserted, on the plan of those
to be found in the other books of the series ; but teachers need not restrict
themselves to the questions given, and may dispense with them or not, at
their discretion.

To peruse the Sacred Scriptures or any portion of early history intelli-
gently, some knowledge of ancient geography is an indispensable requisite.
Without such knowledge, indeed, the perusal of history is comparatively
worthless. Every inquiring student, therefore, in reading of Jerusalem,
Tyre, Rome, or Athens, would wish to ascertain the situation of those re-
nowned cities, and also to give locations to the mountains, rivers, and lakes
described by ancient authors ; as well as to understand the relative positions
of the countries noted in early times, and the modern political divisions
which occupy the same regions of the earth. To such individuals, a well-
digested system of ancient geography, with maps specially compiled to
illustrate the text, will furnish the desired information, as well as afford a
fund of profitable and pleasing instruction.

The treatise on Sacred Geography, being confined to a description of
the Holy Land, and the other countries mentioned in the Old and New
Testaments, is of less extent than the one which precedes it ; in several
instances, also, the descriptions of various countries given in the first division
have been repeated in the last. This is rendered in some measure neces-
sary, by the fact that the regions described by the Hebrew writers were
viewed under different circumstances, and, for the most part, at an earlier
period of time than by the Greeks and Romans ; and that the names of
countries, rivers, cities, &c. are seldom found to coincide, in the statements
of the Scriptural and those of classical authors.

Although strictly geographical in its general plan, it has been thought
not inappropriate to introduce into the work, occasionally, such historical

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vi PREFACE.

incidents, connected with the subject-matter, as will serve to render the local
details more interesting ; and it is believed that an examination of the various
quotations from Holy Writ will suggest to pupils a frequent reference, for
further elucidation, to that sacred volume.

A correct knowledge of the region so long inhabited by the descendants
of Abraham, and consecrated by the residence of the Saviour of men, is one
of the most interesting objects of geographical research, and has excited
the attention of various learned individuals in recent, as well as in former
times ; whilst a comparison of the ancient and modern condition of many
countries in the East, exhibits such evidence of the truth of Divine revelation,
as largely to strengthen the faith of the believer. It will be seen that the
present state of Nineveh, Babylon, and Thebes, as well as of other capitals
once renowned, abundantly confirms the predictions of the ancient pro-
phets of Israel.

Perhaps few studies are so deserving of attention, as that of the geography,
history, and constitution of the ancient and chosen people of God. From
them have proceeded those purer ideas of religion, which distinguish the
Christian above the other nations of the earth. The philosophers of Greece
and Rome were the instructors of the ancient and modern world, in art,
science, and literature ; but the poets and prophets of Israel have enriched
other nations with that knowledge which refers to God, salvation, and eter-
nal life.

The Maps of the Ancient Atlas have been carefully executed ; and some
pains have been taken in their compilation, after arranging the political
divisions according to the most approved authorities, to avoid crowding
them with the names of obscure and unimportant places, and rather to select
the cities, towns, &c. distinguished as the scene of some well-known event,
or the birth-place of some noted individual. Especially, have the words
been engraved in a clear and distinct letter, so that they may be read with
facility.

Attached to the Atlas is an Index, alphabetically arranged, designed as a
table of reference to the names in the Maps, by which pupils and others
may find without difficulty on which Map the country, city, river, &c.
sought for is represented, as also the corresponding modern name, where
such exists.

In the Chronological Table, placed at the end of the book, the dates of all
the noted events, as well as of the births or deaths of distinguished characters
mentioned* in the text, may be found. To this Table various Questions are
appended, calculated to impress more strongly upon the mind the more
important dates and circumstances. It is not expected that teachers will
require pupils to commit to memory all the dates, &c. that are attached to
this table ; but whether it be adopted or not as a subject of regular study, it
will probably, in either case, be found convenient and useful as a matter of
reference.

Philadelphia, January, 1845.

CONTENTS.

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Lesson Page

1. INTRODUCTION — Early Mari-

time Discoveries, &c. .... 9

2. Figure of the Earth, &c.. . 11

3. The World; Asia... 12

4. Asia Minor 14

5. Mysia, Lydia, Caria 15

6. Greek Colonies — jEolia, Io-

nia and Doris; Lycia ... 18

7. Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Pon-

tus 20

8. Pamphylia, Pisidia, Cili-

cia 22

9. Phrygia, Cappadocia, Gala-

tia 24

10. Syria 26

11. Palmyra ; Cyprus 29

12. Phoenicia 31

13. Arabia 34

14. Armenia, Mesopotamia ... 36

15. Assyria 38

16. Babylonia or Chaldaea 40

17. Colohis, Iberia, Albania,

Media 43

18. Persia 44

19. Susiana, Carmania, Gedro-

sia, Aria or Ariana 51

20. Parthia, Hyrcania, Bactria-

na, Sogdiana 46

21. Asiatic Sarmatia, Scythia,

Serica 49

22. India, Sinarum Regio .... 53

23. Africa, ^Ethiopia 56

24. ^Egyptus or Egypt 59

Le«on ?*#>

25. Egypt, continued 62

26. Mauritania* Numidia 64

27. Africa Proper, Libya 66

28. Libya Interior, ^Ethiopia or

Ethippia Interior 70

29. Europe 72

30. Thrace or Thracia, Macedo-

nia 74

31. Greece or Hellas 77

32. Greece, continued — Thes-

saly 80

33. Epirus, Hellas or Greece

Proper, Acarnania,^Etolia,
Locrii 82

34. Phocis, Doris, Bceotia, Me-

garis 85

35. Attica 87

36. The Peloponnesus, Achaia,

Sicyonia, Corinthia 91

37. Argolis, Laconia 93

38. Elis, Messenia, Arcadia ... 96

39. The Greek Islands 98

40. The Greek Islands, conti-

nued 101

41. Italia or Italy, Gallia Cisal-
pina 103

42. Gallia Cisalpina, continued. 106

43. Italy Proper, Etruria, Um-

bria, Sabini 109

44. Picenum, Samnium, Cam-

pania 112

45. Latium 114

46. Latium, continued 117

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vni

CONTENTS.

Lesson Page

47. Magna Grsecia — Apulia,

Calabria, Lucania, Brut-

tia 123

48. Italian Islands 120

49. Hispania 125

50. Gaul or Gallia 128

51. British Islands 130

52. Caledonia, Hibernia 133

53. Scandinavia, Germa-

nia.. . 135

Lesson Page

54. Helvetia, Vindelicia, Rhse-

tia, Noricum, Pannonia,
Illyricum or Illyria 138

55. Moesia, Dacia, Sarmatia,

Hyperborean Regions .... 140

56. The Barbarous Nations

which destroyed the Ro-
man Empire 143

57. The Barbarous Nations con-

tinued '. 145

SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

Page

1. Introduction 147

2. Settlement of the Earth after

the Flood 149

3. Origin of the Israelites, &c. 151

4. Journeyings of the Israelites

through the Wilderness. . 154

5. The Land of Canaan, &c. . 156

6. Kingdoms of Israel &Judah 158

7. Physical Geography of Pa-

lestine, Position, Extent,
Mountains 161

8. Physical Geography of Pa-

lestine, continued — Rivers,
Lakes, &c. 164

9. Physical Geography of Pa-

lestine, continued — Plains
and Valleys, Climate,
Agriculture, &c. 167

10. The Twelve Tribes, with the
Towns noted in Old Tes-
tament times 169

1L The Twelve Tribes, conti-

nued 172

12. The Tribe of Judah, with

the Towns noted in Old
Testament times 174

13. Galilee and Samaria, with

Lesson Page

the Towns noted in New
Testament times 176

14. Judea and Persea, with the

Towns noted in New Tes-
tament Times 178

15. Land of the Philistines,

Tyre and Sidon, Syria,
Padan Aram 181

16. Arabia, including Amalek,

Ammon, Moab, Edom, Mi-
dian, the Land of Ur, &c. . 184

17. Egypt, Ethiopia, &c. 187

18. The East, Shinar or Baby-

lon, Asshur or Assyria. . . 190

19. Eiam, Media, Tarshish and

Ophir, &c 192

20. Asia, the Seven Churches,

&c 195

21. Greece, Italy, &c. 197

22. Geography illustrating our

Saviour's Ministry 200

33. Geography illustrating our
Saviour's Ministry, con-
tinued 202

24. Geography illustrating the
First Settlement of the
Church... . . 204

CHRONOLOGY 207

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 208

ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY.

INTRODUCTION.
EARLY MARITIME DISCOVERIES, &c.

1. ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY is a description of the earth and its
inhabitants, extending from the time of the earliest credible
accounts that have reached us, to the downfall of the Roman Em-
pire. It comprises Classical and Sacred Geography. The former
is derived from the writings of the Greeks and Romans, or Clas-
sical authors ; and the latter from the scriptures of the Old and
New Testaments.

2. The most noted of the ancient nations with whose writings
the moderns are acquainted, are the Jews, the Greeks, and the
Romans ; these nations flourished at different periods of time, and
their knowledge of the earth was various.

3. The early Jews or Israelites knew little beyond the land of
Egypt, and the regions that lie between the Mediterranean Sea
and the banks of the Euphrates. The Phoenicians or Tyrians
and Sidonians, from the extent of their voyages, excelled .the Jews
in their knowledge of the earth, and they were the first navigators
who carried maritime discovery to any considerable extent.

4. As early as the year 1000 B. C. these people had explored
the whole of the Mediterranean, as well as the Black Sea, and
had settled colonies on their shores ; afterwards they sailed through
the straits of Hercules, and extended their voyages along the west-
ern coast of both Europe and Africa ; and a party of them in the
.service of Pharaoh-Necho,king of Egypt, is said to have circum-
navigated the last-mentioned division of the earth.

5. The Carthaginians, a people descended from the Phoenicians,
were also famous for maritime enterprise. Hanno, one of their
naval commanders, established colonies on the west coast of Africa
beyond the pillars of Hercules, and sailed as far south, it is

QUESTION 1. What is ancient geography ? What does it comprise, &c. ?
J. What is said of the most noted ancient nations ? 3. Of the early Jews ?
The Phoenicians, &c. ? 4. What is related of these people ? 5. Of the

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10 INTRODUCTION.

thought, as the coast of Guinea.* Hamil'co, another Carthaginian,
sailed northward to Britain.

6. By the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Greeks
became familiar with the northern parts of India, and the adjacent
regions ; and Near'chus^the admiral of Alexander, by his voyage
from the river Indus to the Euphrates, first opened to the view of
his countrymen the shores of the Indian Ocean.

7. Nearly about the same time, Pyth'eas, a Massilian Greek
sailed fromGa'des to Thu'le, the most northern country known to
the ancients, and supposed to have been either Iceland or Norway.
The Ru'beas promontory, the farthest point he reached, is probably
the North Cape of Europe. The Thu'le of the Romans, the Main-
land of Shetland, was not discovered until long after Pyth'eas, by
Agric'ola, a Roman governor of Britain.

8. The Romans, during the progress of their conquests, explored
the various countries subjected to their power ; and in the time of
Caesar, a general survey of the Empire was commenced, which
required twenty-five years for its completion. This great work,
though not executed with the precision of modern science, was the
most extensive of the kind ever undertaken, and furnished to the
geographers of that time, a mass of, information far exceeding that
of any previous period.

9. The oldest geographical records are in the Bible ; these are
confined principally to a description of the land of Israel, and the
adjacent regions, and- to the divisions of Canaan among the twelve
tribes. Next in antiquity, are the Greek poems of Homer and
Hes'iod, the works of Herod'otus, Aristotle, Eratos'thenes, Strabo,
and some others.

10. The earliest regular geographies extant, are those of Strabo
and Pomponius Mela ; the former is written in Greek, and the
other in Latin. These works were succeeded by that of Ptolemy
of Alexandria, the most extensive geography of ancient limes,
and also the first in which places are described according to their
latitude and longitude. This treatise, until the time of Columbus,
a period of more than 1300 years, was considered the highest
authority in all matters connected with the description of the earth

Carthaginians ? Of Hanno ? Of Hamilco ? ' 6. With what did the Greeks
become acquainted by the conquests of Alexander ? What is said of Near-
chus ? 7. Of Pytheas ? 8. Of the Romans ? What occurred in the time
of Csesar ? 9. What is said of the oldest geographical records ? The next
in antiquity? 10. The earliest regular geographies? What succeeded
these works ? How long was it considered the highest authority ?

* The extent of Hanno's voyage has been the subject of much learned
discussion : its terminating point, according to the opinion vf three different
individuals, may be seen in Map No. 1.

INTRODUCTION. 11

FIGURE OF THE EARTH, &c.

1. THE ancients were, for the most part, ignorant of the real
figure of the earth ; and supposed it to be a vast plain, surrounded
by an ocean of unknown extent. Beneath the earth were the fabled
regions of Elysium or Pa'radise, and Tar'tarus, or the place of
punishment for the wicked. Above the whole, rose the great arch
of the heavens, which was supposed to rest on the summits of the
highest mountains.

2. The Sun, Moon, and Stars, were imagined to rise from, and
set beneath, the waves of the Sea ; and it was said that those who
lived in the remote west, could hear at evening, the noise made
by the Sun dipping into the ocean, as if that luminary had been
a mass of heated metal.

3. Being ignorant of America, as well as of one half the east-
ern continent, the ancients generally imagined the world to be
smaller than it really is; a few geographers however, aware
that the countries then known covered but a small part of the
earth's surface, supposed that other regions might exist, separated
from the rest by a great extenf of ocean.

4. Accordingly several authors, both Greek and Roman, have
described a large island called Atlantis, which lay far to the west
in the Atlantic Ocean. Beyond it was a continent of still greater
extent. This island was said to have been at length submerged in
the sea, and nothing further was ever known of it, or the adjacent
region. From this account it is supposed that the ancients had
some knowledge of the western continent, and the subject has
given rise to various learned discussions.

5. The maps of the ancients are very erroneous in their repre-
sentations, even of several well-known countries : thus, Ptolemy
exhibits Italy as lying for the most part due east and west, and the
Pyrenees as extending nearly north and south. By some, the
Caspian Sea was supposed to connect with the northern ocean,
Britain to be in shape like a triangle, and Sweden and Norway to
be a group of islands.

6. For want of a proper mode of making astronomical observa-
fions, the latitudes and longitudes of places calculated in ancient

imes, were generally inaccurate. Ptolemy in his maps exhibits

Q. 1. What did the ancients suppose the earth to be? What region?
were beneath the earth 1 What rose above the whole 1 2. What is said of
the Sun, Moon, and Stars 1 3. Of what were the ancients ignorant 1 What
did they imagine the world to be 1 What did some geographers conceive ?
What have some authors described 1 5. What is said of the maps of the
ancients ? 6. Of their latitudes and longitudes ? What^errors do Ptole-

12 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

an error of 15° of longitude between Marseilles and Antioch;
and 40° in placing the mouths of the Ganges ; and in many other
instances his east and west distances are exaggerated.

7. The maps now called ancient, are more strictly modern ; the
natural features of the earth being represented on them, as known
at the present day ; to these, the ancient names have been affixed
by D'Anville and other learned men ; and in consequence they
present an approximation much nearer the truth than those of the
Greeks and Romans.

8. In this process, it has been found difficult to determine always
the precise parts of the globe referred to by ancient writers ; and
hence there are various contested points in ancient geography,
among which the position of the countries called Ser'ica, Sina'rum
Regio, Agyzim'ba and Ultima Thu'le, in classical ; and Tarshish
and Ophir in sacred geography, are not yet ascertained.

9. The ideas of the ancients respecting the inhabitants of distant
regions were often fanciful and erroneous ; among such were the
fables related of the Pygmies, a race of diminutive men, who were
supposed to reside in various remote parts of the earth ; and also
of the Blemmyes, a people without heads, and whose eyes and
mouths were in their breasts.

10. Other fabulous races were, the Cimmerians, who were
said to live in utter darkness ; the Cyclops, with but one eye,
which was placed in the middle of their foreheads ; the Cynoce-
phali, a nation with heads resembling those of dogs ; the Hyper-
boreans, who were exempt from disease, decay, and even death;
and the Amazons, a nation of female warriors, who destroyed their
male, but preserved alive their female children.

THE WORLD, ETC.

1. THE world, as known in the days of Ptolemy, extended from
the Atlantic coasts of Europe and Africa, to the shores of Cochin
China. On the west, it stretched from the banks of the Niger
northward to Sweden and Norway ; and on the east, from the In-
dian Ocean northward to the Altay mountains.

2. This area was included within a space averaging 120° of lon-
gitude, and 45° of Utitude, being about one half the land surface

my's maps exhibit? 7. What is said of the maps now called ancient? 8.
What is found difficult to determine ? Name the contested points. 9. Re-
late the ideas of the ancients respecting the inhabitants of distant regions.
What other fabulous races were there ?

Q. 1. Describe the world as known in the days of Ptolemy. 2. What
did this area comprise ? 3. What is said of the three great divisions ?

ASIA. 13

of the eastern continent, and extending around the globe a third
part of its circumference.

3. As early as the time of Herod'otus, the three great divisions
of Europe, Asia, and Africa or Libya, were recognised, and with
nearly the present lines of separation. The river Nile was for a
time considered to divide Asia from Africa, but at length the bound-
ary of the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez was adopted.

ASIA.

4. The Greeks divided Asia into Upper and Lower Asia : the
latter comprised only that part of Asia Minor which lay westward
of the river Halys. The Romans separated it into Hither Asia,
or Asia this side the Taurus ; and Farther Asia, or Asia beyond the
Taurus. Hither Asia was also called Asia Proconsula'ris, because
it was governed by a Proconsul.

5. The name of Asia was first applied to a small district in Lydia,
on the coast of the ^Ege'an Sea ; and was derived, according to the
Lydians, from Asius, one of their early kings; but, according to
the Greeks, from Asia, one of the Ocean' ides, or marine goddesses.

6. The JEolians, lonians, and Dorians, settled at an early period
in the Lydian districts of Asia ; and being said by their Greek
countrymen to have emigrated to Asia, the name was in time
gradually extended to the whole region now bearing that name.

7. Asia, south of the great central ridge of mountains, has been from re-
mote times a populous region. It was the first seat of civilization, and of
those great monarchies, which, absorbing into one vast empire a number of
contiguous states, openly aimed at universal dominion. Of these empires, the
Assyrian was the earliest and most enduring. It was established on the
banks of the Euphrates, 4000 years ago ; and was succeeded by the Babylo-
nian, the Persian, and the Parthian empires ; and in subsequent times, by
those of the Caliphs, of Gengis Khan, and of Tamerlane.

8. The ancients were but partially acquainted with Asia. They were
ignorant of at least one-half of it, as known at present. The Greeks had
a knowledge of its western and central districts, as far as the Indus, and
probably for some distance beyond that river. Afterwards, the Romans be-
came familiar, to some extent, with Hindoostan, Thibet, and Anam ; and they
were acquainted, by report, with Ser'ica and the country of the Sinae, regions
which they imagined were placed at the farthest extremity of the earth.

9. The Euphrates and Tigris, the Rha, the Oxus, the laxar'tes, the Indus,
the Ganges, and the great streams of India, beyond the latter river, as well
as the Bautisus,or HoangHo of China, were probably known to Ptolemy ; but
of the remaining rivers of Asia he was no doubt wholly ignorant.

4. How did the Greeks divide Asia? The Romans? 5. What is
said of the name of Asia ? 6. The ^Eolians, &c. ? ^. What is said of
Asia south of the central ridge of mountains ? Of the Assyrian Empire ?
The other empires ? 8. What degree of knowledge did the ancients pos-
2

14 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

10. The Taurus, Cau'casus, Oron'tes, Paropami'sus, Ima'us, Emo'di, Hy-
perborean or Riphean, and Ottorocorras, were the chief Asiatic ranges of
mountains known in ancient times ; the Emo'di, now the Himmaleh moun.
tains, are the highest on the globe, but the Greek and Roman geographers
were ignorant of that fact.

11. The chief ancient divisions of Asia were, Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia,
Armenia, Assyria, Babylonia, Media, Persia, Aria, Gedrosia, Scythia, India,
Ser'ica, and Sina'rum Re'gio, or country of the Sin®.

Map No. 1. — Point out the divisions mentioned in the text. The rivers.
Their respective lengths. The mountains. Their heights. The^Ege'cin
Sea. Euxine Sea. Palus or Lake Moeotis. Erythrean Sea. Gulf of tiie
Ganges. Magnum Sinus or Great Bay. Permulicus Gulf. Taprobana
Island. labadii Island. Maniolee Islands. Bonse Fortunae Islands. Daden
Island. Angustiae Dirae. Avalites Gulf. What are the modern names of
all the foregoing rivers, mountains, &c. ?*

ASIA MINOR.

1. ASIA MINOR is a large peninsula, which forms the most
western division of Asia. It comprises that portion of the conti-
nent that is bounded on the north, south, and west by the Euxine,
Mediterranean and Mge'an. Seas, and on the east by the Euphrates
river. Anato'lia, or Nato'lia, which signifies the East, is the mo-
dern name of Asia Minor.

2. The term Asia Minor was not adopted until about the com-
mencement of the fourth century of our era, and was at first used
to designate the western districts only ; but in process of time it
came to be applied to the whole region now known by that name.

3. Few countries present such a diversity of soil and climate. The western
provinces were remarkable for their genial temperature and their fertility ;
while the mountainous districts were in general sterile and but thinly inhabit-
ed, and some parts of Lydia, Phrygia,and Galatia, were almost deserted, from
the barrenness of the soil, which bore numerous traces of volcanic action.

4. The inhabitants formed many different nations, whose bound-
aries and divisions varied with their political revolutions. About 700
B. C. Croesus, the celebrated Lydian king, conquered a large portion
of Asia Minor; and it afterwards formed successively an important
division of the empires of Cyrus, of Alexander, and of Rome. Dur-
ing the middle ages it belonged to the Saracens, afterwards to the
Turks, arid for several centuries past has formed the finest portion
of their empire.*

sess of Asia ? The Greeks ? The Romans ? 9. Mention the rivers. The
mountains. 10. The chief ancient divisions.

QUESTIONS. — 1. Describe Asia Minor. What did it comprise ? 2. When
was the term adopted, &c. ? 3. What is said of the soil and climate ?
Mountainous districts, &,c. ? 4. Of the inhabitants ? Croesus, &c. ? Of

*Tbe pupil will consult the Index of corresponding ancient and modern names.

ASIA MINOR. 15

5. Civilization commenced at an early age in Asia Minor ; its
commerce was extensive and nourishing; it contained many opu-
lent cities, whose temples, palaces, and other public buildings,
were among the most splendid ever reared.

6. At an early period the Phoenicians founded colonies on the southern
shores of this region, while in a later age the Greeks established themselves
on the coasts of the JEge'an Sea. The language and literature of the latter
were extensively cultivated, and the fame of their philosophers, poets, and
artists,-has descended to our own times.

7. The principal divisions were, Mys'ia, Lyd'ia and Ca'ria, in the
west ; Bithyn'ia, Paphlagonia and Pon'tus, in the north ; Lyc'ia, Pi-
sid'ia and Pamphyl'ia, and Cilic'ia, in the south ; and Phryg'ia, Ga-
la'tia and Cappado'cia, in the interior.

8. The chief mountains were the Tau'rus and Ariti-Tau'rus, which retain
with us their ancient names ; Mount Cragus was the residence of the fabled
chimera ; Ida was noted as the mountain where Paris adjudged to Venus
the prize of beauty ; Sip'ylus as the residence of Ni'obe ; Tmo'lus was famous
for its vineyards ; and Cyto'rus for its boxwood. Several mountains here,
besides others in Greece and Cyprus, bore the name of Olympus.

9. The largest rivers were the Ha'lys, the Sanga'rius and the Maean'der;
the latter was remarkable for its windings, hence the word meander. The
Hermus, and its tributary the Pacto'lus, were famous for the gold contained
in their sands ; the Grani'cus, the Eurym'edon and the Scy'lax, for the battles
fought on their banks ; and the Thermo'don as the stream on which the
warlike Amazons once resided. Phryg'ia and Pisid'ia contained a number of
small salt lakes, which still exist and furnish large quantities of salt.

10. The islands which lie along the western coast, were settled at an
early period by emigrants from Greece, and are usually described with that
country. The largest were Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Cos, and Rhodes. In the
prosperous times of Greece, these islands were populous, well cultivated,
and noted for their commerce.

Map No. 2. — What sea bounds Asia Minor on the north ? E. On the
south ? M. On the west ? J3. What rivers on the east ? E. O. What
straits and sea separate it from Thrace ? H. B. P. What group of islands
lie on the south-west ? S. What island lies south ? C. Which promontory
or cape extends farthest north ? A. Which farthest south? A. Farthest
west ? L. Point out the Taurus and the other mountains mentioned in the text.
The rivers. The islands. What countries lie east and south-east of Asia
Minor? A. M. S. Mention the heights of mountains. Lengths of rivers, &e,
•

MYS'IA.

1. MYS'IA was the westernmost division of Asia Minor. The
country on the Propontis was once a part of Phrygia, and was

what Empires did it afterwards form a division ? 5. What is said of civili-
zation ? Commerce ? Of the Phoenicians and Greeks ? 7. Name the prin-
cipal divisions. Name the chief mountains. The largest rivers. What
did Phrygia and Pisidia contain ? 10. What is said of the islands ?

!6 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

called Phrygia Minor. At an early period the Mys'ians were a
brave and warlike people ; but they became in time so degenerate
that " Mysorum Ultimus" was a term proverbially used to denote a
cowardly and mean-spirited person. The kingdom of Tro'as, or
Troy, and part of the Greek colony of uEolia, were included in
Mys'ia.

2. Troy, or irium, was the principal city of Tro'as. During the
eign of Priam, its last king, a Greek army of 100,000 men under
Agamemnon, captured and destroyed it after a siege of ten years,
11°84, B.C. This siege, one of the most memorable of ancient
times, has been immortalized both by Homer and Virgil.

Achilles dragging the dead body of Hector around the walls of Troy.

3. During its progress, Achilles, the bravest of the Greeks, slew Hector, a
noted Trojan chief, in single combat. The dead body of the latter was
barbarously dragged by the victor around the walls of the city. Troy stood
between the rivers Sim'ois and Scaman'der, not far from their junction ; in
the vicinity were Mount Ida and the SigaB'um Promontory or Cape. Near the
latter many contests took place between the Greeks and Trojans. Subse-
quently New Il'ium was built nearer the sea, but it never rose to distinction,
» 4. In the southern part of Mys'ia was the city of Per'garnus, once the
capital of a kingdom of the same name. It was celebrated for its great
library, and as the birth-place of Galen, the noted physician. Aby'dos was
famous for the bridge of boats built by Xerxes across the Hellespont; it
was the residence of Leander, the lover of Hero, who lived in Sestos, on the
opposite shore. The former often swam the Hellespont to visit his mis-
tress, and returned the same night.

5. Thebe, or Thebes, Lamp'sacus, Miletop'olis and Cyz'icus, were all places
of note. The latter sustained a memorable siege by Mithrida'tes, which was
at last raised by Lucullus. In the vicinity was the river Grani'cus, where

Q. 1. What was Mysia ? What is said of the country on the Propontis?
Of the Mysians ? What were included in Mysia? 2. What is said of
Troy ? 3. What occurred during the siege ? Describe the dtuatioi of
Troy, &c. ? 4. What is said of Pergumus? Abydos? 5. Thebes? Lamp-

ASIA MINOR. 17

Alexander the Great gained his first victory over the Persians. Dar'danus
gave the jnodern name Dardanelles to the Hellespont; and from the celebrated
marble of the island Proconnesus,Mar'mora,the modern name of the Propontis
is derived. Adramyttium, Assos, and Alexandria Troas. are mentioned in
the Acts of the Apostles; the last is there termed Troas only.

L Y D I A .

6. Lydia, called more anciently Masonia, lay south of Mys'ia ;
it was once an important kingdom, and its power under Croesus,
the proverbially rich king, extended over more than half of Asia
Minor. His court was an asylum of learning ; and JEsop among
others lived under his patronage.

7. The Lydians were the first people who coined money ; they
were at one time the most wealthy, and also became the most
luxurious and effeminate nation in Asia. The Greek colony of
Ionia was included partly in Lydia, and partly in Caria.

8. Sardis, the ancient capital of Lydia, was famous for the numerous
sieges it sustained, during one of which it was taken by Cyrus. This city,
Thyati'ra, and Philadelphia, were seats of three of the seven churches
of Asia. Magnesia ad Sip'ylum, at the foot of Mount Sip'ylus, was noted for
the defeat of Anti'ochus the Great by Scipio. Metrop'olis and Arom'ata were
towns in Lydia. At Magnesia, on the Meander, hence called Magnesia ad
Meandrum, Thcmis'tocles died. At Thymbra, Croesus was defeated by
Cyrus.

CARIA.

9. Caria lay southward of Lydia ; it was a fruitful country,
and abounded particularly in figs. The inhabitants were consi-
dered barbarous and despicable by the Greeks, and the name of
Carian was synonymous with that of slave. Doris and part of
Ionia were included in Caria.

Boodroom.

M). Halicarnas'sus was the most important city in Caria, and was for a
time at the head of the Dorian league. It was famous for the splendid
mausoleum built by Artemis'ia, queen of Caria, for her husband Mauso'lus,
from which all splendid tombs were afterwards called Mausole'a. It was
accounted one of the seven wonders of the world. Here Herodotus, Diony-

sacus, &c. ? Dardamus, &c. ? Adramyttium ? 6. Describe Lydia. What
is said of the Lydians? 7. Sardis and the other cities? 8. Describe Caria,
The inhabitants. 10. What is said of the HaUcarnassus ? Of the towns (
2* B

IS CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

sius Halicarnas'sus, and Heracli'tus, were born. Boodroom, a small Turkish
town, stands on the site of Halicarnas'sus ; various ruins of the ancient city
are still to be seen. Antioch, Aphrodis'ias, Mylas'sa, Stratonice'a and Imbrus
were Carian towns.

Map No. 2. — What strait separates Mysia from Thrace ? H. What sea
lies on the north ? P. What rivers are in Mysia ? C. G. JE. H. What
mountains ? I. What islands lie west ? L. T. When did the siege of
Troy occur? Of Cyzicus ? The battle on the Granicus? What river
divides Lydia and Caria ? M. What other rivers are in Lydia ? H. P. C
What mountains ? S. T. M. What islands lie on the coast ? P. C. I. S.
What islands lie west and south of Caria ? P. C. A. A. C. N. C. R.

Map No. 3. — Point out Sigeeum Promontory or Cape. Troy. New
Ilium. The Scamander River. The Simois River. Mount Ida. Mount
Gargara. Tenedos Island.

GREEK COLONIES.

1. ^EOLIA, Ionia and Doris were Greek colonies in Mysia, Lydia
and Caria, whose settlement was commenced about 60 years after
the destruction of Troy. The inhabitants became in time, espe-
cially the lonians, distinguished for elegance of taste, and love of
the arts and sciences, and were the teachers and examples of the
European Greeks.

2. Homer, the greatest of poets, was an Ionian ; he was born, according
to tradition, near Smyrna ; six other cities, however, contested with that
place the honour of having given him birth. Apel'les and Parrha'sius, cele-
brated painters ; Tha'les and Pythag'oras, famous philosophers ; and Hip-
poc'rates, a noted physician, were also lonians.

^OLIA.

3. ./Eolia was the earliest colony ; it formed a confederation at
first of twelve cities ; but, Smyrna having been treacherously
wrested from it by the lonians, the number was in the time of
Herod'otus reduced to eleven.

4. Mityle'ne, in Lesbos, was the head of the confederacy; the latter was
one of the finest islands in the JSge'an Sea ; it was famous for its wine and
the beauty of its women ; it was also the birth-place of Sappho and Pit'tacus.
Cumae, Pit'ane, Phocse'a and Elae'a, were noted ^Eolian cities on the conti-
nent.

IONIA.

5. Ionia comprised twelve confederate cities, of which Ephesns
Smyrna and Mile'tus, were the most renowned. The first con-

Q. 1. What is said of ^Eolia, Ionia, and Doris ? Of their settlement ?
What did the inhabitants become? 2. What is said of Homer? Apelles,
&,c. ? 3. Of ^Eolia ? 4. Mitylene and other towns ? 5. Of Ionia ? &

ASIA MINOR. 19

tained the celebrated temple of Diana, which occupied 200 years
in building.

Supposed site of Miletua.

6. Smyrna was one of the richest cities of Asia Minor, and is the only-
one of them that is now flourishing and important. Mile'tus was reckoned
next to Tyre and Carthage for its extensive commerce, and numerous colo-
nies, which amounted^ according to some, to 80 in number. There Tha'les,
Anaximan'der and Cadmus, the historian, were born. The ruin of this
splendid city is now so complete, that its very site can hardly be recognised.

7. Er'ythrffi was the residence of one of the Sibyls, Clazom'ene was the
birth-place of Anaxag'oras, Samos of Py thag'oras, and Te'os ofAnac'reon.
Col'ophon was famous for the valour of its cavalry, which usually decided the
battle in favour of the side on which it fought ; hence the proverb " Colo-
phonem addere," to put a finish to anything. At the foot of Mount Myc'ale,
a great victory was gained by the Greeks over the Persians, on the same
day that the army of Xerxes was defeated at Platse'a in Bceo'tia.

D ORIS.

8. The Dorian confederacy consisted at first of six, and after-
wards (Halicarnassus having been excluded) of five cities, and was
therefore afterwards called the Pentap'olis, or the five cities. The
confederate cities were Cnidus, Cos,Cami'ra, lal'ysus and Lindus.
The three last were on the Island of Rhodes.

9. Cnidus contained a temple of the Cnidian Venus, which was famous
for a beautiful marble statue of the goddess by Praxit'elea. It was the birth-
place of Eudox'us and Agathar'cides, Theopompus and some other> noted
men. Rhodes, the capital of the island of Rhodes, was renowned for its
commerce, and also for the brazen statue of Apollo, called the Colossus,
which was 100 feet high, and bestrode the entrance of the harbour. The
republic of Rhodes was in early times an important naval power, and planted
colonies in Sicily, Italy and Spain. Cos, on the island of the same name,

ontained a noted temple dedicated to Esculapius. Apel'les and Hippoc'rates
ere natives of this island.

L Y C I A .

10. Lycia took its name from Lycus, the son of Pandion, who
settled there. It was the smallest province of Asia Minor; but it
was at the same time, in proportion to its extent, one of the richest and

Smyrna, &c. ? 7. Erythrze, &e. ? 8. Describe Doris. ^Mention the con
federate cities. 9. What is said of Cnidus ? Who were natives ? Describe

20 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

most populous. It was noted for its fine cedar trees, which
almost equalled those of Lebanon.

11. The inhabitants were skilful archers, and were at one time
distinguished for their sobriety and love of justice ; but, about the
end of the Roman Republic, many individuals became pirates.
On the coast is Mount Climax, or the ladder ; it is so steep to-
wards the sea, that the soldiers of Alexander, in passing it, in their
march into Pamphylia, waded more than half a day waist-deep
in water.

12. Xanthus is distinguished for its obstinate resistance against Brutus ;
the latter set fire to the city ; but the inhabitants, rather than submit to the
Romans, rushed into the flames, and only 150 were rescued. Pat'ara was
famous for its oracle ; here Apollo is said to have resided one-half the year,
and the other half at Delphi. Telmis'sus was noted for its soothsayers.
Myra, Lim'yra and Phase'lis were important towns. The latter was at one
time a haunt of pirates ; it was taken by Servilius Isauricus.

Map No. 2. — Point out the ^Eolian towns mentioned in the text. The
Ionian. The Dorian. On what river is Eleea ? C. Smyrna ? M. Ephesus ?
C. Near what river is Mycale Mountain ? M. In what year was the battle
fought there ? What mountains divide Lycia and Pamphylia ? S. What
mountains in the south-east ? C. In the south-west ? C. In the interior ? A.
What islands near the coast ? C. C. What Cape ? S. What Gulf? G.

BITHYN'IA.

1. BITHYN'IA was an extensive province which lay on the Pro-
pontis and the Euxine sea. It was settled at an early period by
two Thracian tribes, the Thyni and the Bithy'ni. The kingdom
which they established underwent various changes of fortune, and
was at length bequeathed by Nicomedius, its last king, to the
Romans, B. C. 75.

2. Nicome'dia, once the capital of Bithyn'ia, was a large and handsome
city ; it was for a time the residence of the Roman emperors Diocletian and
Constantine. Nicaea, or Nice, once also the capital of Bithyn'ia, was noted
AS the seat of the first general council of the church, held A. D. 325, which
drew up the Nicene Creed. It was the birth-place of Hippar'chus the
astronomer.

3. Heracle'a, called Heracle'a Pon'tica, from its situation on the Pon.
tus Euxi'nus, was a Greek colony, famous for its ships, its libraries and its
rich temples. Chalce'don was called, by way of derision, the city of the

Rhodes. The Republic, &c. 10. Describe Lycia. 11. What were the
inhabitants, &c. ? What is said of Mount Climax ? 12. For what is Xan-
thus distinguished ? Mention the other towns.

Q. 1. Describe Bithynia. Its settlements. The kingdom, &c.
2. What is said of Nicomedia ? Nicoea? 3. Heraclea ? 4. Prusa? Li-

ASIA MINOR. 21

blind, because its founders neglected the more advantageous situation of By-
zantium, on the opposite shore : here a general council of the church was
held.

4. At Prusa ad Olympum, so called because it stood at the the base of
Mount Olympus, Hannibal, the celebrated Carthaginian general, poisoned
himself to avoid falling into the hands of the Romans ; and at Libys'sa ho
was buried. At Chrysop'olis, the Emperor Licin'ius was finally defeated by
Constantine the Great, in a naval engagement. Tium, Eithynium, Prusa ad
Hyp'pium, As'tacus, Drep'anum, Cius, and Apame'a were important towns.

PAPHLAOONIA.

5. Paphlagonia, the most northern division of Asia Minor, was
noted for the numbers of its horses and cattle ; the mules were
famous as early as the days of Homer, and the sheep furnished
wool of the finest quality. Under the Byzantine emperors, the
eastern parts of this region and the western of Pontus were
formed into a district called Hel'eno-Pontus, in honour of the
mother of the Emperor Constantine,

6. Sino'pe, originally a Milesian colony, was an important city, with an
extensive commerce. It possessed at one time a considerable territory, ana
planted a number of colonies along the coast. The Tunny-fisheries in the
vicinity afforded a lucrative branch of trade. Sino'pe was the birth-place
of Mithrida'tes the Great, and also of Diog'enes, the Cynic philosopher.

7. Pompeiop'olis was founded by Pompey in honour of a victory gained
over Mithridates the Great. At Armene part of the Ten Thousand landed, on
their voyage from Coty'ora. The inhabitants of this place are said to have
built a waU around their city to keep out the cold, which circumstance gave
rise to a proverb used to denote egregious folly. Amas'tris, Cyto'rum and Ti-
me'na were towns of note on the coast. Antoniop'olis and Sora were in the
interior.

PONTUS.

8. Pontus, so named because it lay on the Pontus Euxi'nus, or
Euxine Sea, was once a part of Cappadocia ; but became after-
wards a separate kingdom, which existed for 200 years. Under
Mithridates VI., surnamed the Great, Pontus attained power and
distinction, and carried on a long and fierce struggle with the
Romans, but was at last annexed to their empire.

9. The eastern districts were barren and rugged, but the western were
rich and fruitful. The latter abounded in produce of every kind, and
furnished the finest flocks and herds. Mines of iron and salt were numer-
ous. Pontus comprised three provinces, viz., Pontus Galat'icus, Pontus Pole-
moni'acus, and Pontus Cappadocius^

10. The chief cities were Amase'a, the birth-place of Strabo, the Greek
geographer ; Coma'na Pon'tica, which contained the celebrated temples of

byssa? Chrysopolis? The other towns? 5. Describe Paphlagonia.
What district was formed under the Byzantine Emperors ? 6. What is said
of Sinope ? 7. Pompeiopolis ? Armene ? The other towns ? 8. What ia
Pontus? What was it once ? What did Pontus attain under Mithridates
VI. ? 9. What is said of the eastern and western distills ? 10. Describe

22 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Belle rna and Venus; Themiscy'ra, fabled as the residence at one time of the
Amazons ; Cer'asus, from whence the cherry was first taken u> Rome, and
thence propagated over Europe ; Trape'zus, the first friendly city reached
by the Ten Thousand on their famous retreat ; and Coty'ora, where part of
their number embarked for Arme'ne. Not far from Trape'zus is Mount
Teches, from the summit of which they first saw the Euxine Sea.

11. AtZe'la, Lucullus gained a victory over Mithridates ; afterwards Caesar
gained one over Phar'naces, which he announced to the Roman senate in his
celebrated letter containing only three words — Veni,Vidi,Vici ', I came, I saw,
I conquered. Ami'sus, Polemo'nium, Trip'olis, (En'oe, Eupato'ria, Phaze'mon,
Gaziu'ra, Eer'isa and Neo-Caesare'a were towns in Pontus.

Map No. 2. — What strait separates Bithynia and Thrace? T. What
rivers and mountains separate Bithynia from Paphlagonia? P. O. What
mountains from Galatia ? O. What islands lie on the coast? C. T. T. What
lakes in the interior ? A. A. WThat rivers flow into the Euxine Sea ? S.H.B.P.
What mountains lie between Paphlagonia and Galatia ? O. When did Pom-
pey gain his victory over Mithridates ? What river separates Paphlagonia
from Pontus ? H. What rivers in Pontus flow into the Euxine Sea ? I. T.
S. C. T. O. Point out the towns mentioned in the text that are in Bithynia,
Paphlagonia, and Pontus. In what year were battles fought at Zela ?

8

PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA.

1. PAMPHYLIA and PISIDIA were two districts, which were usually
reckoned as one province ; the first extended along the sea-coast,
and the other lay in the interior ; the latter was a rugged and
elevated region, inhabited by a bold and spirited race of moun-
taineers, who resisted for centuries all attempts to subdue them.

2. Perga was the chief town of Pamphylia ; it contained a magnificent
temple of Diana. Atta'lia, Olbia and Side were towns on the coast ; Aspen-
dus was on the Eurym'edon river ; near this place the Persians were defeated
by Cimon, the Athenian general, first in a naval engagement, and then on
the land ; both in the same day. Selgse, Antiochi'a or Antioch in Pisidia,
so called to distinguish it from other towns of the same name, and Baris,
were important towns.

3. Isaura Vetus was the ancient capital of Isauria, a district which lay
partly in Pisidia and partly in Cilicia ; the inhabitants were fierce and rapa-
cious robbers. The Roman general Publius Servilius obtained the surname
of Isau'ricus for having conquered them during the Mithridatic war.

4. A new city, Isaura Nova, was built after the destruction of the ancient
one, a short distance from the site it occupied. It was here that the pirate
Trebellianus proclaimed himself Emperor of Rome, A. D. 264, but was
soon afterwards defeated and slain.

the chief cities. 11. What occurred at Zela, &c. ? Mention the other
towns in Pontus.

Q. 1. Describe Pamphylia and Pisidia. 2. What is said of Perga ? Atta.
lia ? What occurred on the river Eurymedon ? 3. What is said of Isaura
Vetus, «fec.? Of Publius Servilius ? 4. Of the new city ? What occurred

ASIA MINOR. 23

CILICI A.

5. Cilicia comprised two divisions, viz., Cilicia Trache'a, or
the nigged, from being mountainous ; and Cilicia Campes'tris,
the level. On the northern frontier of the latter there is a nar-
row pass in the Taurus mountains, called by the ancients Pylae
Ciliciie, through which the armies of Cyrus the younger and Alex-
ander the Great marched in their progress to the East ; the Pyhe
Syriae was a similar pass which led into Syria.

6. The Cilicians were for a long period a maritime people ;
they furnished numerous fleets to the Persian moriarchs, and many
of them became noted pirates. In the latter days of the Roman
Republic, these marauders kept the neighbouring coasts in a state
of constant alarm; they were, however, finally subdued by
Pompey.

Cleopatra sailing on the Cydnus.

7. Tarsus, the capital of Cilicia, was the birth-place of St. Paul, and a
seat of learning so famous as almost to rival Athens and Alexandria. The
Cydnus river, which flows past the city, was noted for the coldness of its
waters ; it was therefore neariv fatal to Alexander on his bathing in it when
in a state of perspiration. On this stream, Cleopa'tra made the celebrated
voyage when on her way to attend the summons of Antony, which is so
gorgeously described by authors.

8. At Issus, Alexander defeated Dari'us, and gained his second' great vic-
tory over the Persians ; more than five centuries afterwards, this place was
again the scene of a fierce contest, which occurred between the rival Roman
Emperors, Seve'rus and Niger. At Anchi'ale, Sardanapa'lus, the last of the
Assyrian Kings, is supposed to have been interred. This monarch is said
to have built Anchi'ale and Tarsus in one day. Cor'ycus was noted for its
superior saffron. «

there ? 5. Describe Cilicia. Its divisions. The Pylse Cilicia, &c. 6. What
were the Cilicians, &c. ? 7. What is said of Tarsus? The Cydnus river ?
What occurred at Issus ? At Anchiale, &c. ? 9. What is said of Coracesiuru
and the other towns ?

«i CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

9. Corace'sium was a famous strong-hold of the Cilician pirates ; it was
taken by Pompey B. C. 67. At Seli'nus, the emperor Trajan died. Anemu'-
rium was the southernmost town in Asia Minor. Soli, or Pompeiop'olis,
was at first a Greek colony ; the inhabitants of which lost the purity of their
native tongue ; hence an incorrect expression is termed a solecism. This,
however, is by some derived from Soli in the island of Cyprus. Among tlie
other towns were Laer'tes, Seleu'cia Trache a, Arsin'oe, Philadelphia, Antio-
hi'a ad Cragum, Homon'ada, Ad'ana, Mopsues'tia', Mallos and Germanic'ia,

Map No. 2.— What Gulf south of Pamphylia ? P. What mountains in the
nterior ? T. What rivers ? C. E. What Lake in Pisidia ? C. At what time
were two battles fought on the Eury medon ? Point out the towns mentioned
in the text. What sea bounds Cilicia on the south? C. What Gulf in the
south-east? I. What mountains in the north? T. On the east? A.
Name the chief rivers. C. L. C. S. P. Point out the Pylce Cilicia and Syriae
Pylee. Point out the chief towns. At what time were the battles fought
for which Issus is noted ? How manv years elapsed between the first and
last?

PHRYGIA.

1. PHRYGIA was one of the largest provinces of Asia Minor. It
once comprised Greater and Lesser Phrygia, as well as a large
part of Galatia ; Lesser Phrygia lay along the Propontis, and was
attached to Mysia. The Katakekau'mene, or burnt country, was
a parched and barren region that lay partly in Phrygia and partly
in Lydia. It was subject to volcanic action, and had been more
than once desolated by earthquakes. Lycao'nia, a rugged district in
the south-east, abounded in sheep.

2. The Phrygians were among the first settlers of Asia Minor.
They were civilized at an early period, were skilful in mining and
agriculture, and were noted for their dancing, music, and needle-
work.

3. Gordius, one of their early kings, is said to have tied the knot which
Alexander tried to unloose. Midas, another king, received of Bacchus the
power to turn every thing he touched into gold ; but, finding that his very,
food was converted to the precious metal, and that he was starving in the
midst of wealth, he prayed to the god to resume the useless gift.

Ruins of the R#ce-Course or Stadium at Laodicea.

4. At Ipsus, a great battle was fought between the surviving generals of
Alexander the Great, in which Antig'onus was defeated and slain. At

Q. 1. Describe Phrygia. What did it once comprise? What is vnid
of the Katakckaumciiu ? Of Lycuonia ? 2. Of the Phrygians ? 3. Of

•

ASIA MINOR. 25

flierap'olis were some noted hot baths. Laodice'a was the seat of one of the
seven churches of Asia; it was once a splendid city, but is now in ruins.
To the people of Colos'sce, St. Paul wrote one of his epistles. Near Syn'nada,
the lapis Synnad'icus, a beautiful kind of white marble, with red spots, was
procured; slabs and columns of it were frequently transported as far as
Rome. Ancy'ra Phrygise, Apame'a Cibo'tis, Laodice'a Combusta, Cib'yra,
Ico'nium, Derbe and Lystra, were all towns of note ; the last two were visited
by St Paul.

CAPPADOCIA.

5. Cappadocia was the largest division of Asia Minor, and was
at one time an important kingdom. Armenia Minor and Pontus
were both attached to it, but the latter became afterwards inde-
pendent. Catao'nia was a district in the south-eastern part of the
province. It was noted for the abundance of its minerals, as well
as for its fine breed of horses.

(>. The inhabitants were faithless and destitute of moral recti-
tude. They were one of the three nations of bad character in-
cluded in the old Greek proverb, " Tria kappa kakista ;" beware
of the three k's, i. e., Kappadocia, Kilicia and Krete. The peo-
ple of the districts contiguous to Pontus and Galatia were called
Leuco-Syri (White Syrians,) because they resembled the inhabit-
ants of Syria, and spoke their language ; but were of lighter com-
plexion.

7. Maz'acp,, the ancient capital of Cappadocia, was called Caesare'aby the
Romans, witn the addition of ad Argse'um to designate its position at the
base of Mount Argce'us. This mountain was represented to be the highest
in Asia Minor ; from its summit, both the Euxine and Mediterranean seas
might (it was said) be seen. Coma'na Cappadocise was famed for its temple
of Diana, which was plundered of its wealth by Antony.

8. Archela'is was a Roman colony ; Melite'ne and Sat'ala were the chief
towns in Armenia Minor. Cabi'ra and Nicop'olis were noted for the battles
fought there between Mithrida'tes and the Romans. Nazian'zus and Nyssa
were the birth-places respectively of the two Gregories, noted fathers of the
Christian Church in the fourth century. Ty'ana, Podan'dus, Sala'bria, Ca-
dy'na and Cybis'tra, were towns in Cappadocia.

GALATIA.

9. Galatia was one 'of the interior provinces of Asia Minor ; and
was once included partly in Phrygia and partly in Cappadocia. It
was settled by, and received its name from, those Gauls who, under
the command of Brennus, invaded and were driven from Greece,
278 B. C. They comprised three tribes ; the Tectos'ages, the To-
listoboi'i, and the Trocmi. Though independent of each other, these
tribes were usually united in a confederacy for mutual defence.

Gordius ? Of Midas ? 4. What occurred at Ipsus ? Mention what is said
of the other towns. 5. Describe Cappadocia. Cataonia, &c. 6. The in-
habitants. 7. What is said of Mazaca ? Mt. Argaeus ? 8. Archelais and
the other towns ? 9. Describe Galatia. Its settlement, &c. What tribes
3

26

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Alexander cutting the Gordian Knot.

10. Ancy'ra, the chief town of the Tectos'ages, was remarkable for a pecu-
liar breed of goats, and is celebrated to the present day for its fabrics made
from their long and silky hair. At Gordium, Alexander the Great cut the
famous Gordian knot with his sword when he found that he was unable fairly to
unloose it. According to ancient prediction, whoever untied this knot
was to become master of Asia.

11. Pessi'nus, the capital of the Tolistoboi'i, was celebrated for the wor-
ship of Cyb'ele, the mother of the gods. Ta'vium was the capital of the
Trocmi. Gangra was the residence of King Deiot'arus, the friend of Ci-
cero, in favour of whom he delivered an oration in the senate. Amo'rium,
Rosologi'acum, Eccob'riga and Germa, were important towns. AtDadasta'na
the emperor Jovian was unexpectedly found dead in his bed.

Map No. 2. — What rivers have their rise in Phrygia ? T. II. M. What
mountains arc there? P. D. What hills? L. Lake? T. Point out the
chief towns. When was the battle of Ipsus fought ? Point out the Kata-
kaukemcne. Lycaonia. The chief rivers in Cappadocia. H. S. M. The
principal mountains. T. A. A. What districts in the south ? C. In the
east ? A. What people in the north ? L. Point out the chief towns.
When were battles fought at Cabira and Nicopolis ? What mountains lie
between*' Galatia and Phrygia? A. What mountains west of the Halys?
M. What lake in the centre ? Point out the chief towns. The tribes.

10

. SYRIA.

1. SYRIA extends north and south along the easternmost coast
of the Mediterranean Sea, and eastward from its shores to the
Euphrates river and Arabia Deserta. By the Greeks, it was con-
did they comprise? 10. What is said of Ancyra? 11. Of Pessinus ?
Tavium and the other towns ?

Q. 1. How does Syria extend? What did the Greeks consider it to in-

SYRIA.

27

sidered to include Palestine and Phoenicia ; but the Jews always
regarded those countries as distinct and independent.*

2. The chief divisions in ancient times were Syria Proper and
Coele-Syria, (Syria in the vale, from being situated among the val-
leys of the Lib'anus.) In the north was the district of Comage'ne,
which was governed by its own kings until the time of Vespasian.

3. A considerable part of the country is occupied by the Syrian deserfe
which is a continuation of, and is similar in every respect to, the great desert
of Arabia. The principal mountains are the Ama'nus, Ca'sius, and Lib'anus
and Anti- Lib' anus: the two last are called Lebanon in Scripture; their sum-
mits are capped with perpetual snow. They were long noted for their splen-
did forests of cedar trees, of which only a few small groves remain. The
principal rivers are the Euphrates, the Orontes, and the Leontes.

Mountains of Libanus or Lebanon.

4. Among the smaller rivers, the Eleu'therus was noted in early times for
a monstrous dragon reported to inhabit its banks, within whose jaws
there was room enough for a mounted horseman. The waters of the Sab'-
batum were said to cease flowing on the Sabbath-day ; hence its name.
Those of the Ado'nis were in the rainy season tinged with the ocherfi'us s\ib-
stances from the mountains ; whence the fabulous tradition that the river
flowed with blood at the anniversary of the death of Ado'nis, who was killed
by a wild boar on its banks.

5. The Syrians belonged to a widely extended race, which
included the people of Assyria, Armenia, Babylonia, Cappadocia
and Mesopotamia; all of whom were originally the same in
language and manners. The name is supposed to have been
abridged from Assyria, or derived from Sur, the early appellation

elude ? 2. Name the chief divisions. 3. What is said of the Syrian desert ?
Of the principal mountains ? What is said of Libanus and Anti-Libanus ?
Of the principal river? • 4. The Eleutherus ? The Sabbatum ? The Ado-
nis ? 5. What is said of the Syrians ? Of the name, &c.? 6. Of Syria?

* The description of Palestine is reserved for Sacred Geography.

28 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

of Tyre. The terms Syria and Assyria are sufficiently denned
in geography, but are often indiscriminately used in history.

6. Syria was attached at an early period to the Assyrian empire,
and afterwards to that of Persia, to which power it remained sub-
ject until the conquest by Alexander the Great. On the division
of that monarch's empire, Syria fell to the share of Seleucus Nica'-
tor, one of his generals.

7. Seleucus assumed the title of king of Syria, and subjected to his sway
all the countries from theJSge'an Sea to India and the laxar'tes. This prince
encouraged letters, and restored to Athens the books and monuments of art
that had been carried off by Xerxes. He was the father and benefactor of
his people, and was eminent for his courage, prudence and humanity.

8. The Seleu'cidee, or successors of Seleu'cus, governed the country for
more than 200 years, when the last sovereign, Anti'ochus Asiat'icus, was de-
throned by Pompey : Syria then became a Roman province, and remained
in that state until it was conquered by the Saracens, A. D. 612.

Modern Antiocb.

9. Among the most noted cities of Syria was An'tioch, or Antiochi'a, sur-
named ad Oron'tem, from the Oron'tes river on which it stood. This place,
for extent, beauty, and population, was at one time esteemed the third city
in the world, and was called the Queen of the East. It is now a poor and
ill built Turkish town of 11,000 or%J,000 inhabitants. Near to Antioch
was the celebrated grove called Daphne, where Venus was worshipped with
great licentiousness.

] 0. Chal'ybon was situated on the river Chalcis, the fish of which were
held sacred by the Syrians, who would allow no one to destroy them. Pin-
denis'sus was besieged and captured by Cicero, B. C. 51, when he was pro-
consul of Cilicia. Samos'ata was the capital of Comage'ne ; here the poet
Lucian was born. At Sochos, Dari'us lay for some time with his army, pre-
vious to the battle of Issus.

11. Hierap'olis was celebrated for a temple of Venus, which was so rich,
that Crassus, when he plundered it in his Parthian expedition, occupied several
days in weighing the treasure. At Zeugma was a noted bridge of boats
over the Euphrates, and here the Roman armies generally crossed the river.

7. Seleucus ? What did this prince do ? What is his character ? 8. What
is said of the Seleucida? ? 9. Describe Antioch. 10. Chalybon, &c.
11. Hieropoli.s, &c. 12. Emesa, &c. 13. Damascus. Heliopolis,

PALMYRA. 29

Apame'a, on the Oron'tes, was, in the time of Seleu'cus, a great military
depot, where 500 war-elephants were kept.

12. Em'esa was famous for its temple of the Sun ; Heliogab'alus, one of its
priests, was made emperor of Rome by the Roman soldiery, when only 14
years of age. Zeno'bia was defeated at this place by Aure'lian, A. D. 273. At
Thap'sacus was a noted ford over the Euphrates, where three great armies
crossed at different times, viz. : that of Cyrus the younger, B. C. 601 ; that
of Darius, B.C. 332 ; and that of Alexander the Great, B.C. 331.

13. Damas'cus, called the Eye of the East, was the capital of Crele-Syr'ia,
as well as of the kingdom of Damas'cus ; it is still an important city, and
is situated in a delightful and fertile territory. The Turks and Arabs believe
it to have been the original Paradise, and that it has not its equal on earth.
Here Deme'trius Nica'tor was defeated by Alexander Zebi'na. Heliop'olis,
now Ba'albec', is famous for a splendid temple of the Sun, the ruins of
which still remain, and show its former magnificence.

Map No. 5. — What sea bounds Syr'ia on the west? What river on the
east ? What country in the north '! A. M. On the south ? A. P. On the
north-east? M. On the south-east? A. D. What country extends along
the coast from Mount Carmel to Ar'adus? P. What inland sea in the
south ? What river flows into it ? What country extends along the Jor.
dan? What district south of Palestine? I. What desert between the
Oron'tes and the Euphrates rivers ? What islands on the coast ? M. A.

Map of Northern and Central Syr'ia. — What district lies in the North ?
C. In the south ? C. S. East? P. What country west of Ccele Syr'ia,-? P.
What rivers flow into the Mediterranean Sea ? Into lakes ? What moun-
tains between Syr'ia and Asia Minor ? Between the Oron'tes river and the
Mediterranean Sea? C. East of Phcenic'ia? Point out the cities men-
tioned in the text When were battles fought at Antioch ? Emesa ? Da-
mascus ?

11

PALMY'RA.

1. PALMY'RA was onte a splendid city, and formed, for a short
time, the capital of an importanjpstate. It was situated in the
Palmyre'ne, a district and oasis in the centre of the Syrian desert,
and rather more than midway between the Mediterranean Sea
and the Euphrates river.

2. Tad'mor in the wilderness, mentioned in Holy Writ as hav-
ing been founded by Solomon, and Palmy'ra, are the same ; and
both names are derived from the palm trees with which the city
was surrounded. Though for a long time in ruins, the remains
of its splendid temples and palaces still command admiration.

3. This city was from a remote period a great emporium of
commerce between eastern and western Asia. It was an impor-
tant place at the time whenTra'jan subjected the whole province

Q. 1. What is said of Palmy'ra ? Where was it situated ? 2. What is
said of Tad'mor ? Of its remains? 3. What was this city ? What occurred

3*

30 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

to his power. It then became allied to Rome as a free State, and
was greatly favoured by A'drian and the Antoni'nes.

4. In the reign of Gallie'nus, the Roman senate conferred on Odena'tus,
king of Palmy'ra, as a reward for his services to the empire, the command
of the eastern provinces, which, owing in a great measure, it is believed, to the
skill and prudence of his queen Zeno'bia, he defended with talent and success.

5. On the death of her husband, Zeno'bia, under the title of queen of the
East, assumed the sovereignty of the provinces which he had governed.
Aure'lian, when he became emperor, considered Zeno'bia as an usurper; he
therefore declared war against her, twice defeated her armies, captured Pal-
my'ra, and took her prisoner. To preserve her life^ she ungenerously laid
the blame of the war, it is said, on her learned secretary Longi'nus, who
was in consequence put to death.

6. The conquered <jueen was taken to Rome, and led through the city in
a triumphal procession, fettered with chains of gold. A residence was
then assigned to her at Ti'bur, in the vicinity of Rome, and her children
were treated with great respect by the emperor. Zeno'bia is described as an
accomplished and high-minded princess ; she spoke several languages, and
was well versed in the learning of that period.

Ruins of Palmy'ra.

7. Palmy'ra gradually declined after its capture by Aure'lian, and was
subsequently taken by the Saracens ; it then remained forgotten and unknown
until about the middle of the 18th century, when it was discovered by two
English travellers. There still exist a great number of beautiful columns,
ruins of temples and palaces, all admirably wrought of marble ; while the
ground is everywhere strewn with the wrecks of the splendid structures of
the ancient city. The neighbouring Arabs now call it Tad'mor, its ancient
Hebrew name.

C Y' P R U S .

8. Cy'prus is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, except
Sicily and Sardinia. It was famous for the variety and abundance
of its products, and its delightful climate. Wine, oil, wheat, and

in the time of Tra'jan ? 4. In the reign of Gallie'nus ? What is said of
Zeno'bia ? 5. What took place on the death of her husband ? How did
Aure'lian treat her when he became emperor ? 6. What occurred when she
was taken to Rome ? Where did she reside ? Describe Zeno'bia. 7. What
is said of Palmy'ra? When was it discovered, &c.? What still exists ?
What do the Arabs call it ? 8. Describe Cy'prus. For what was it famous?

PHOENICIA. 31

honey, were and are still its chief staples. The ran^e of Mount
Olym'pus extends through the whole length of the island.

9. The women were models of beauty. The whole island was sacred to
Venus ; hence she was called Cyp'ria, or the Cyp'rian goddess. The people
were sensual and dissipated, yet literature and the arts flourished to some
extent.

^ 10. The first inhabitants of Cy'prus are unknown; the Phcenic'ians at an
early period established colonies in the island ; afterwards it was succes-
sively conquered by the Egyptians, the Persians, the Greeks, the Ptol'emies,
and the Romans. After the division of the Roman territories, Cy'prus con-
tinued subject to the Eastern empire, and was ruled by its own governors
of royal blood ; of whom Comnenus I. made himself independent, and his
family sat upon the throne till A. D. 1191, When Richard CcEur de Lion
rewarded the family of Lusignan with the sceptre.

11. Sal'amis, the most important town in Cy'prus, was destroyed by an
earthquake in the time of Constantine ; but was rebuilt by his order, and
called, after him, Constan'tia. Cit'ium Was the birth-place of Zeno and
Apollonius ; there Ci'mon, the celebrated Athenian general, died.

12. Pa'phos is said to have been founded on the spot where Venus landed
when she rose from the sea. The splendid temple in which she was wor-
shipped contained 100 altars, which smoked daily with a profusion of fran-
kincense ; and though exposed to the open air, they were never, it is said,
wetted by the rain. Sol'oe, or So'li, was an Atheniar colony ; the term sole-
cism is by some derived from this place, but by others from So'li in Cilicia.
Cerin'ia was an early Phoenician colony ; Am'athus and Cu'rium were both
noted towns.

Map No. 5.— Point out Palmyra. What river 'lies east of it ? E. What
river west ? O. What town lies west ? What town lies east ? What
important city northwest? What southeast? Which is the uearest town
on the Euphrates ? ,

Map No. 2. — What is the length of Cyprus from east to west ? What is
its extent from north to south in miles? In stadia? How many miles is
Cyprus from the nearest part of Syria ? Of Asia Minor ? Of Crete ? Of
Rhodes ? What is the name of its northern cape or promontorium ? Its
southern ? Eastern ? Western ?

PHGENIC'IA.

1. PHCENIC'TA, the country of the Sido'nians and Tyr'ians, or
Phoenicians, consisted of a narrow strip of territory, which lay
between Mount Lib'anus and the Mediterranean Sea ; and ex-
tended along the coast of Syr'ia from Mount Carmel to the Island
of Ar'adus.

What were its chief staples ? What range extends through its land 7
9. What is said of the women ? Of the people? 10. The first inhabitants,
&c. ? What occurred after the division of the Roman territories ? 11.
What is said of Salamis ? Citium ? 12. Paphos ? Soloe or Soli ? And
the other towns ?

32 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

2. The Phoenicians were settled on the coast of Palestine long
before the arrival of the Israelites. The maritime position of
their country, and its abundance of timber, led them at an early
period to ship-building, then to navigation and commercial pur-
suits. They also practised various arts, and excelled in useful
and beautiful manufactures, so that fabrics of a superior quality
received the epithet Sido'nian, from Si'don the oldest city.

3. They were the first who used rudders and sails, and steered their ships
at night by the stars. They invented arithmetic, and, according- to the
Greeks, the letters of the alphabet originated with Cadmus, a Phoenic'ian.
These people also discovered the mode of making glass ; and their famous

Eurple dye, derived from a species of shell first found on their coasts, vvus
ighly prized and produced them great wealth.

4. Their commerce was extended far and wide by the establishment of
colonies in various quarters, of which Carthage, Utica, and Gades, were
the most important. The latter, now Cadiz, on the southern coast of Spain,
was their principal settlement beyond the straits of Hercules, or Gibraltar.

5. The Phoenicians obtained gold and silver from Spain, tin from Britain,
amber from the Baltic, and brass and iron from the shores of the Black
Sea ; they traded overland with various interior countries of Asia and Africa,
and it is believed they sailed to India by the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean.

6. Phoenicia formed a confederation of cities, of which, in their
most flourishing period, from the year 1000 to COO B. C., Tyre
was the ruling power. Tyre and Si'don were each governed by
their own kings, of whom the best known are Hi'ram, the friend
of David and Solomon, and Pygmalion, the brother of Di'do. The
language of the Phoenicians was similar to the Hebrew. In their
religious worship, the horrid rite of human sacrifice was practised.

Saide, anciently Sidon.
7. Si'don was the oldest city of Phoenicia, and one of the earliest places

Q 1 . Describe Phoenicia. 2. Previous to what event were the Pha nicians
fettled on the coast of Palestine? What is said of the country, &c. ?
What did the Phoenicians practise ? 3. What were they the first to use ?
What did they invent, &c.? What did they discover? 4. What is said
of their commerce ? Their most important colonies ? The principal set-
tlement beyond the Straits of Hercules ? 5. What did they obtain from
Spain ? From Britain ? From the Baltic ? From the Black Sea ? \Vhat
is said of the overland trade? 6. What did Phosnicia form? What is
said of the kings ? 7. Describe Sidon.

PHOENICIA. 33

in the world that carried on an extensive commerce. It was captured by
Artaxer'xes O'chus, king of Persia. During the siege, the inhabitants, in
despair, set fire to their houses, and 40,000 of them perished in the flames.
Si'don never recovered its former rank. In the time of the Crusades, it was
a place of some note. It is now called Saidc, and is a town of 5000 or
6000 inhabitants. A few huge stones, the remains of the gigantic mole,
are the only remnants of the old city.

8. Tyre was built by the Sido'nians, and became the rival of Si'don, as
well as the chief city of Phoenicia. It rose to be the greatest commercial
emporium of antiquity before the time of Carthage. It was founded on
the main-land, but after its destruction by Nebuchadnez'zar, King of Baby-
lon, a second city was built on a small rocky island, half a mile from the
shore ; but the latter never attained the importance of the first Tyre. The
old city was rebuilt and was called Pate Tyre. In the days of Pliny, the
two cities were estimated to be 19 miles in circuit.

9. Alexander the Great, 331 B. C., took Tyre after a siege of eight
months, during which time his army constructed a mole, or causeway, to
the island, and was thus enabled to conquer the place. Tyre recovered
from its second capture, attained once more considerable distinction, and
was made a free city by the Romans. During the Crusades it was the
principal port and rendezvous of the Crusaders ; since that period it has
gradually declined until now nothing is left but ruins, among which stands
the small fishing village of Sour,

The Ruins of Aradus, now Ruad.

10. Ar'adus, on a small island of the same name, was an important and
wealthy city ; the houses, according to Strabo, were higher and contained
more stories than those 01 Rome. This island is now a mere rock, covered
with the remains of its departed grandeur. Trip'olis was built by the
people of Tyre, Si'don and Ar'adus, as a place of general assembly for
their deputies ; it formed three towns, each enclosed by its own walls.

11. Byb'lus was celebrated for the worship of Ado'nis. Bery'tus became
a Roman colony under the name of Felix Julia ; its schools for the study
of jurisprudence and the fine arts, were noted. Sarep'ta was distinguished

8. Describe Tyre. Who destroyed it ? What is said of the second city ?

9. Of Alexander the Great ? Of the subsequent condition of Tyre ? 10.
Describe Aradus. Tripolis. 11. Byblus and the other towns.

C

34

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

for its wine ; it was the place whence Jupiter is said to have carried away
Euro'pa to Cre'te. Ac'cho, or Ptolema'is, is renowned for the sieges it has
sustained. Near it was the little river Be'les, where the mode of making
glass was discovered.

Map No. 5.— What sea lies west of Phoenicia ? M. What island lies
north-west ? C. What mountain lies at the southern extremity of Phoeni-
tia? C.

Map of Northern and Central Syria. — Point out the principal rivers
of Phoenicia. E. S. A. L. What mountains lie east of Phoenicia ? L. A. L.
What division of Syria lay east of Tyre and Sidon ? C. Name the towns
on the coast, beginning with Tyre. What island lies at the northern ex-
tremity of Phoenicia ? A. What town lay east of Aradus ? A.

13

ARA'BIA.

1. ARA'BIA is remarkable for preserving its name and boundaries
unchanged for thousands of years. The ancient geographers
described it as containing three great divisions, viz : Arabia Petrae'a
(the rocky), Arabia Felix (the fruitful, or happy), and Arabia De-
serta (the desert, or barren) : but this arrangement is more fanciful
than real, and has never corresponded with the actual political
divisions of the country at any period*

Arabian Caravan.

i}. The greater part of Ara'bia has always been inhabited by nomadic
plundering tribes, whom the Greeks called Ar'abes Sceni'tfe. The inhabit-
ants of the coast, on the other hand, were different in their habits, and

Q. 1. For what is Arabia remarkable ? How did the ancient geographers
describe it ? What is said of this arrangement ? 2. What is said of the
chief part of Arabia ? Of the inhabitants on the coast, &c. ? The cara-

ARABIA. 35

had probably a different origin ; they supplied the nations on the shores of
the Mediterranean Sea with the rich products of the east, and so unchange-
able is the aspect of civilization in that part of Asia, that the caravans then
employed, scarcely differed in any particular from those which now traverse
the desert.

3. Ara'bia Petroe'a comprised the north-western part of Ara'bia. Mount
Si'nai, Mount Ho'reb and Mount Hor, were the principal mountains. Tho
NabathaVi, one of the principal tribes, were the E'domites of Scripture.
Idume'a was a part of their territory ; Pet'ra, their capital, is remarkable
for the singularity of its situation. It has been, for centuries, destitute of
inhabitants, and its very site was unknown for a thousand years, but was
recently discovered.

4. This place is about half way between the Red Sea and Pal'estine ; it
comprises a small circular basin, enclosed on all sides by rocks 500 or 600
feet high, to which there is but one narrow entrance. The inner face of
this barrier is excavated into temples, tombs and other structures, most of
which are entire ; while the interior area, that was occupied by the city, is a
mere mass of ruins. Pet'ra signifies a rock, and gave name to Ara'bia Petree'a.

5. Ara'bia Felix lay along the shores of the Arabian Gulf and the
Erythrae'an Sea. It has long been famous as the land of incense,
spices and perfumes ; but it is now believed that the rich products
in which its merchants traded were, for the most part, obtained
from India and Africa.

6. The district of Sabee'i, or She'ba, was renowned for the enterprise and
wealth of its inhabitants. Gold and silver were so abundant, that common
utensils were made of those metals ; and the temples and houses were often
profusely ornamented with the same costly materials. Maria'ba, a noted
commercial city, was the capital.

7. Ara'bia Deserta comprised the interior of the country. It
consisted, as its name imports, of sandy deserts, destitute of water
in many places for an extent of several days' journey ; but in
others, as in the region now called Nedjed, or the country of the
Wahabees,it is known to contain some fertile and populous districts.

8. The Sacali'toe, or Sachali'tse, dwelt eastward of the Sa'bse ; they traded
chiefly in frankincense. Ara'bia Felix, Oma'num and Mos'cha, were im-
portant sea-ports on the shores of the Arabian Sea, as were also Eziongaber,
uEla'na, Leuce-come, Jamnia, Badia-Regia and Oce'lis, on those of the Red
Sea ; at the latter port, ships that were destined for India took in their last
supplies of water for the voyage.

9. At Ger'ra, or Ger'rha, on the Persian Gulf, the walls and towers are
said to have been constructed of rock-salt. The island of Da'den, or Ty'los
(now Bahrein), was, in ancient times, as it is at the present day, the chief
seat of the pearl-fishery. lathrippa and Macor'aba, now Medina, and Mecca,
have both been noted cities since the days of Mahomet.

10. Arabia was never conquered by any foreign nation ; Alexander the

vans of the present age ? 3. What did Arabia Petrsea comprise, &c.
What is said of the Nabathsei ? Of Petra ? 4. Describe its situation, &e,
What does Petrae'a signify ? 5. Mention the situation of Arabia Felix.
For what has it been long famous, &c. ? 6. What is said of the district
of S'iboei, or Sheba ? 7 Describe Arabia Deserta. 8. What is said of the
Sacalitre, or Sachalitae ? Mention the towns. 9. What • said of Gerra ?

36 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Great, and subsequently the Romans, in the time of Augustus, made exten-
sive inroads into the interior ; but, for want of water, were obliged to retrace
their steps. The chief part of Ara'bia Petrse'a was conquered by Trajan,
A. D. 107. A Roman legion was, for a time, stationed at Bostra, where the
Emperor Philip, surnamed Arabus, was born.

11. During the 7th century, Ara'bia acquired, under the sway of Maho
met and the Caliphs, a new and formidable character ; vast territories were
conquered, and an empire was established equalling in power and extent
the greatest states of antiquity. Though for a time averse to polite letters,
the Arabs or Saracens became, during the ninth century, the most civilized
and learned people in the world. Their vast empire no longer exists, but
the influence of their institutions continues to be felt ; and the language, lite-
rature and religion of Arabia, is still revered over large portions of the East

Map No. 1. — What gulf or sea bounds Arabia on the west ? On the east ?
What sea on the south-east ? What strait separated Arabia from Ethiopia ?
A. D. What gulf on the south-west ? A. What towns lay on the Arabian
Gulf? On the Erythraean Sea? The Persian Gulf? In the interior ?

Map No. 5. — Where is Arabia Petraea ? Mount Sinai ? Mount Horeb ?
Mount Hor ? Idumea ? Desert of Paran ? Petra ? Eziongaber, or Bere-
nice ? ^Elana ? Leuce-come ?

14

ARME'NIA.

1. ARME'NIA is an interior region, and lies to the south-east of
the Euxine Sea, It is an elevated country, and is traversed by
lofty mountains, nearly all whose summits are covered with snow ;
hence the climate is cool, and the winters are often severe.

Noah and his Family leaving the Ark.
2. Ar'arat is the loftiest and most noted mountain in Arme'nia. On its

The Island of Daden? lathrippa, &c. ? 10. What is stated of Arabia? Of
Alexander the Great? The Romans, &c. ? 11. What occured during the
seventh century ? What is said of the Arabs, or Saracens ?
Q. 1. Describe Armenia. 2. What is said of Mount Ararat ? Of the

ARMENIA. 37

summit the ark is supposed to have rested, and from its base Noah and
his sons set forth to replenish the earth. The Euphra'tes, Ti'gris, and
Arax'es rivers take their rise in this region. The Arsis'sa and Lychni'tis,
no\* the Van, and the Er'ivan, are the principal lakes. The water of the
first is brackish, and unfit for use.

3. The Arme'nians were originally the same people as the Syri-
ans ; they are one of the oldest nations in the world, and have
maintained themselves as a distinct race, with a limited degree of
cultivation, from the time of the Assyrian empire. The Greeks
and Romans had but an indifferent opinion of these people ; they
believed them to be destitute of patriotism, and indifferent to
liberty or political freedom.

4. Though sometimes under the rule of its native princes, Arme'nia was
subjected by turns to the Assyrians, the Medes, the Persians, the Greeks,
and the Syr'ians. On the overthrow of Anti'ochus the Great by Scip'io, 187
B. C., the country was divided into Arme'nia Major and Minor ; the latter
lay west of the Euphrates river. After many contests with the Parthians,
Tra'jaa, abont 106 A. D., annexed Armenia Major to the Roman empire
Subsequently it became independent, and was governed by its own kings
until the time of the Saracen invasion ; since that period it has often
changed masters. It is now divided between the Turks, Persians, and Rus
MUM.

5. Artax'ata, Am'ida and Tigranocer'ta, were the chief towns in Arme'-
nia ; the first named was once the capital. Am'ida, now Diar'bekir, was
strongly fortified, and the walls built by the Romans still serve to protect
the town. Tigranocer'ta was founded by Tigra'nes, King of Arme'nia ; it
was a beautiful and wealthy city, and was peopled chiefly by Greeks, forci
bly carried thither from Asia Minor. In its vicinity Lucul'lus defeated Ti.
gra'nes, when the city surrendered to the Romans.. Vast riches fell into the
hands of the captors. Naxua'na, Artemi'ta, Ar'zen, Arsamos'ata and Theo-
dosiop'olis were towns in Arme'nia.

MESOPOTAMIA.

6. MESOPOTAMIA lay between the Euphrates and Tigris, and
derived its name, which signifies between the rivers, from that cir-
cumstanpe. The modern inhabitants call it Al Jezira, the island.
It was once regarded as a part of Syria, and one of its scripture
names is A'ram Nahara'im, or Syria of the rivers.

7. The northern part of the country comprised the districts of
Osroe'ne and Mygdo'nia. This division was rich in grain, fruit
and pasturage, and was often called Mesopota'mia Felix. The
southern division was flat and sandy ; its inhabitants were chiefly

Euphrates River, &c. ? The Arsissa Lake, &c. ? 3. What is said of the
Armenians ? What opinion had the Greeks and Romans of these people ?
4. To what power was Armenia subjected ? When was it divided, &c. ?
What occurred in the time of Trajari ? Subsequently, &c. ? 5. What is
said of Artaxata, &c. ? What is said of Tigranocerta ? What occured
in its vicinity ? Name the other towns. 6. Describe Mesopotamia. How
was it once regarded ? 7. What is said of the northern part of the country ?

38 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

wandering Arabs. The ostrich and the wild ass were once found
here, but those anirrfals have long since disappeared.

8. From remote times, Mesopota'mia nearly always constituted a portion
of the adjacent great empires. The Romans seized it during the Mithri.
dat'ic war, and Tra'jan formed it into a Roman province. It was often the
scene of warlike operations between the Romans and the Parthians ; after-
wards between the former and the new Persians. It finally fell into the
power of the latter, and then successively into that of the Saracens and the
Turks.

9. Edes'sa, Circe'sium and Nis'ibis were the most important towns^ in
Mesopota'mia ; the last named was long a noted fortress, and when ceded'by.
the Romans to the Persians, the former attempted in vain to recover it. At
Rcsaina, the Persians were defeated by Gordian. Batnee, or Batnse Seru'gi,
was noted for a great annual fair, held for the sale of Indian commodities. *

10. Car'rhae, the Haran of scripture, was the place whence Abraham de-
parted for Canaan. In its vicinity, Cras'sus the triumvir was defeated and
taken prisoner by the Parthians, who put him to death by pouring, in deri-
sion of his avarice, melted gold down his throat. TJr was the first residence
of Abraham ; in the time of the Romans it was an important citadel in
which the army of Julian took refuge after his defeat.

11. Singa'ra, Cae'ne, Bir'tha and Apame'a were important towns. At
Singa'ra, Sapor gave the Romans a signal defeat. Hatrah was an impreg-
nable fortress situated in a fertile oasis, surrounded by a desert : it resisted
the attacks of both Tra'jan and Seve'rus. On the Euphrates, below the
junction of the Chabo'ras, was the tomb of the younger Gordian.

Map No. 5. — What countries bounded Armenia on the north ? C. I. On
the south ? On the west ? What rivers rise in Armenia ? E. T. A. What
mountains formed part of the southern boundary ? What mountains tra-
versed the interior ? Which is the principal mountain ? Which are the
principal lakes ? Point out the towns mentioned in the text.

What river bounds Mesopotamia on the east? On the west? What
mountains on the north ? What river flows into the Euphrates ? What
towns lay on the Euphrates ? On the Tigris ? What towns between those
rivers ? When were battles fought near Carrhro, at Resaina, and Singara ?

15

ASSTR'IA.

1. ASSYR'IA was one of the first settled countries in the world.
It became also the seat of one of the earliest established monar-
chies, and hence it was intimately connected with the origin of
government, arts, and civilization.

2. It lay between Armenia, Mesopota'mia, Me'dia, and Per'sia,

The southern division ? 8. What was Mesopotamia from remote times ?
What is said of the Romans ? Of what was it often the scene ? What
occurred finally ? 9. Describe Edessa, &c. Resaina, &c. 10. Carrhae.
What took place in its vicinity ? What is said of Ur? 11. Singara and
the other towns ?

Q. 1. What was Assyria? What did it become? 2. Describe its situa-

ASSYRIA. 39

and extended along the left bank of the Ti'gris river. Eastward
rose the Za'gros Mountains, which formed its boundary in that
direction. In the north were the Cardu'chi, a people fierce and
barbarous, like their descendants, the modern Koords, and from
whom this country is now called Koordistan'.

3. It was the original country of the Assyrians, but their empire rose in
time to such importance as to include Mesopota'mia, Babylon, or Chaldae'a,
Armenia, Media, Asia Minor, and Col'chis. The inhabitants of Assyria, as
well as those of the three first named territories, belonged to one race, and
were similar to the Syrians ; they all spoke dialects of the same tongue, and
thftir manners and customs were originally alike.

4. The Assyrian government, like that of all other eastern monarchies,
was thoroughly despotic. The king's will was the law, and no code existed
to restrict his judgments. He was the head of the religious as well as the
political power of the state, and claimed divine worship as if he had been
a deity. His palace was crowded with as many wives and concubines as
he chose to collect, who were placed under the charge of eunuchs, an unfor-
tunate race §rst brought into use in Assyria.

5. The accounts that have reached us of the origin and growth of the
Assyrian empire, are obscure and discrepant. According to scripture, it
was founded either by Assh'ur or byNim'rod ; but, according to the classical
writers, Ni'nus or Be'lus, the son of Nim'rod, established the empire, about
the yea- 2059 B. C. He is the first great warrior and conqueror on record,
and established his power over a large portion of western and southern
Asia. His queen and successor, Semir'amis, continued his career of vie-
tory, and extended the bounds of the empire as far as Ethio'pia and Lib'ya.

6. The Assyrian monarchy flourished for a period of 1240 years. Sar-
danapa'lus, the last sovereign, neglected the duties of government, lived
entirely, it is said, among his women and eunuchs, and dressed and painted
himself like them. Arba'ces, governor of Media, and Bel'esis, governor of
Babylon, despising the effeminacy of their sovereign, conspired against and
besieged him in his capital ; when, finding that he could no longer resist
their power, Sardanapa'lus set fire to his palace and perished in the flames.

7. A sec'ond Assyrian empire was now formed, and soon became a pow-
erful state. The Medes and Babylonians again yielded to its supremacy ;
but about the year 700, B. C., the first under Cyax'ares, and the other under
Nabopolas'sar, rose a second time, besieged and took Ni'nus and utterly
destroyed it. Assyria was now reduced to the rank of a Median province,
and Babylon in a short time became a powerful kingdom. Cyrus, 559 years
B. C., having attained the sovereignty of Media and Persia, conquered
Babylon, which, with Assyria, he annexed to his vast empire.

8. The city of Ni'nus (the Nin'eveh of scripture) lay on the eastern bank
of the Ti'gris. It was one of the great capitals of antiquity, and is described,
by some writers, to have been 48, and by others 60 miles in circumference.

tion. What is said of the Carduchi ? 3. Of the Assyrians and their em-
pire 1 Of the inhabitants of Assyria ? 4. What was the character of the
Assyrian government ? What is said of the king ? What was he ? What
did he claim ? 5. What is said of the origin, &c., of the Assyrian empire ?
Of its founders ? What is the character of Belus ? What is said of Semi-
ramis ? 6. How long did the Assyrian empire flourish ? Describe Sar-
danapalus. Describe the conspiracy formed against him. 7. What is
said of the second Assyrian empire ? Of Cyaxares and Nabopolassar ? Of
Assyria? Babylon? Cyrus? 8. Describe Ninus. 9. Whj,t opinion did its

40

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Its walls were built of brick, 100 feet high, and so wide that three chariots
could run abreast on their summit ; and they were further secured by 1500
lofty towers.

9. The inhabitants considered the city to be impregnable ; they relied on
an old prediction, that it could never be taken until the river became its
enemy. But this at last occurred, for, during the last siege, the Ti'gris over-
flowed its banks and undermined a portion of its walls, when the city was
captured, after a siege of three years. Ni'nus continued to be the seat of
government, and gradually regained its former importance ; but, on the
subversion of the second empire, its stately walls and palaces were levelled
with the dust, and the whole reduced to a mass of ruins.

Battle of Arbela.

10. East of Ni'nus were Arbe'la and Gaugame'la ; on a vast plain between
those towns, Alexander the Great gained the decisive victory which made
him master of the Persian empire, usually called the battle of Arbe'la.
Some distance below Ni'nus lay Sume're, near to which the Emperor Julian
was killed, A. D. 363, in a contest with the Persians. Lower down the
river was O'pis, or Antiochi'a ; to this place Near'chus brought his fleet by
order of Alexander, after the completion of his voyage from India.

Map No. 5. — What river formed the western boundary of Assyria ?
What mountains? What country lay north? South? East? West?
What rivers flowed into the Tigris? What cities lay on the east side of the
Tigris 1 On the Zabus Major ? Zabus Minor ? At what time was a battle
fought between those towns ? What nation occupied the northern part of
Assyria ? What route is marked in the map on the east side of the Tigris?

16

BABYLONIA, OR CHALD^A.

1. BABYLONIA, OR CHALD^EA, was the seat of one of the grea
empires of antiquity. It comprised a rich, level territory, which

inhabitants entertain ? What occurred during the first siege ? State the
subsequent fate of Ninus. 10. What towns lay east of Ninus ? What
noted event took place there ? At Sumere ? What is stated of Opis ?
Q. 1. What was Babylonia, or Chaldsea? What did it comprise, &c.?

BABYLONIA, OR CHALD.EA. 41

lay on both sides of the river Euphrates. The country was fer-
tilized by the annual overflow of that stream, in the same manner
that Egypt is by that of the Nile.

2. The land was well cultivated, and the products were im-
mense. Numerous canals conveyed the waters of the river, and
irrigated the soil in every quarter. The buildings were con-
structed of brick, and bitumen was used instead of mortar.

3. Babylonia formed a province of the Assyrian empire until the fall of
Ni'nus, when it became an independent State. The most noted of its kings
was Nebuchadnez'zar ; his dominions comprised Babylonia, Mesopotamia
and Syria, including Phrenicia and the kingdom of Judah. Belshaz'zar, his
grandson, and the last Babylonian monarch, was subdued by Cyrus, B. C.
538, and his kingdom was added to the Persian empire.

4. The Babylonians were a partially civilized nation 2QOO years B. G.
Twelve hundred years later, the Chaldoeans, or Kasdim, either conquered
or becarn^p incorporated with them. The priests were renowned for their
skill in astronomy and astrology ; commerce and manufactures were en-
couraged, and great wealth was acquired. Marriages were usually made
by purchase, and the sick were exposed in the streets to receive the advice
of the passers-by.

5. The religion of the Babylonians was Sabianism, or the worship of the
sun, moon, and stars. Their supreme deity was Ba'al, or Bel, and was sup-
posed to personify the sun. Mylit'ta was the principal female divinity ; her
worship was gross and licentious. Cruelty and obscenity were the most
marked attributes of Babylonian as well as of Assyrian idolatry. Human
victims were sacrificed, and the most obscene practices enjoined as a reli
gious duty.

6. Babylon, the capital, stood on both sides of the Euphrates river ; it
was the first city that was founded after the flood, and was one of the most
magnificent of ancient times. It was 60 miles in circuit, with walls 200
cubits high and 50 thick, and a hundred gates of brass. Among its most
renowned structures, were the temple of Be'lus and the Hanging Gardens.
The former, originally, it is believed, the tower of Ba'bel, was an eighth of
a mile in diameter at the base, and 600 feet high : it consisted of eight sto-
ries, gradually diminishing as they ascended ; a sloping terrace on the outside
of the building served as a means of ascent and descent.

7. The Babylonians having provoked a war with the Medes and Persians,
Cyrus laid siege to the capital, but the citizens, confiding in the strength
of their walls, laughed their enemies to scorn. At lengih, during a grand
festival, when the besieged probably relaxed their wonted vigilance, Cyrus
diverted the waters of the Euphrates into an artificial channel, marched his
troops by night through the dried-up bed of the river into the city, and
overcame all opposition.

2. "What is said of the land? Products? Canals, &c. ? 3. What did
Babylonia form ? What is said of Nebuchadnezzar? What did his domi-
nions comprise? 4. What is said of the Babylonians ? The Chaldseans ?
The Priests, &c. ? 5. Describe the religion of the Babylonians. What is
said of Mylitta ? Of Babylonian and Assyrian idolatry ? 6. Describe the
city of Babylon. Describe its chief structures. 7. With whom did the
Babylonians provoke a war ? What then occurred ? 8. What is stated of

4*

42

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Capture of Babylon by Cyrus.

8. Babylon, being neglected by the Persian monarchs, was falling rapidly
to decay, when Alexander the Great resolved to restore its splendour and
to make it his capital, but his death put an end to the project. Five hun-
dred years afterwards, it was entirely deserted, and the space enclosed by
its walls was used as a hunting park by the kings and nobles of Persia. In
later times, its very site was forgotten for more than a thousand years, but
it has been recently 'recognised. Some huge, shapeless mounds of brick and
rubbish alone remain to mark the spot once occupied by this vast metropolis.

9. At Cunax'a, Cyrus the younger was defeated and slain by his brother
Artaxerx'es ; from hence his Greek auxiliaries, under the command of
Xen'ophon, commenced the famous retreat of the Ten Thousand. Though
surrounded by an adverse force of 900,000 men, this heroic band forced
their way through hostile nations, until they reached a friendly region.
The extent of the retreat from Cunax'a to Trape'zus, where danger ceased,
was about 1100 miles, but the whole expedition included a march of 3500
miles, and lasted 15 months.

10. Borsip'pa was noted for its manufactures of linen ; the inhabitants
ate the flesh of bats, and preserved them smoke-dried. Seleu'cia was founded
by Seleu'cus Nica'tor, and became the capital of his kingdom ; at one period
its population amounted to 600,000. The ruins of this city, and that of
Ctes'iphon, on the opposite bank, are called by the Arabs Al Modain, the
two cities. Is, or ^Eiop'olis, supplied the bitumen used as a cement in
building. On a lake south-west of Babylon, was Alexandria, or Hi'ra. Sora
and Apame'a were towns in the southern part of Babylonia ; the latter stood
at the junction of the Euphrates and Ti'gris rivers.

Map No. 5. — What country lay east of Babylonia, or Chaldsea? What
country lay west ? North-west ? What cities lay on the Euphrates River ?
What city on the Tigris ? At the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris ? At
what period was a battle fought at Cunaxa ? When did the siege of Babylon
occur ? What river bounds Babylon on the north-east? What river flows
through it ?

Babylon ? What did Alexander resolve to do ? What was the condition
of Babylon 500 years afterwards ? In later times ? What alone remain ?
9. What occurred at Cunaxa? What is said of the Greek auxiliaries?
Describe the retreat. 10. What is said of Borsippa ? Seleucia ? Ctesi-
phon ? Is, or jEiopolis, and the other towns ?

COLCHIS, IBERIA, AND ALBANIA. 43

COL'CHIS, IBE'RIA, AND ALBA'NIA.

1. THESE countries lay contiguous to each other, and occupied
the narrowest part of the region extending from the head of the
Euxine, or Black Sea, eastward to the Caspian Sea. The Cau'-
casus are the most elevated mountains in this part of Asia ; their
summits are constantly covered with snow, and they can be crossed
only by two passes, called by the ancients Cauca'siae Py'lre (Cau-
ca'sian Gates), and Alba'nios Py'ta (Alba'nian Gates).

2. COL'CHIS is famous for the voyage of the Ar'gonauts to its shores, in
search of the golden fleece. This expedition sailed, in the ship Ar'go, from
Greece, about the year 1300 B. C. It consisted of 50 noted individuals,
under the command of Ja'son. The precise object of the voyage cannot
now be determined, but it was probably undertaken for the purpose of trad-
ing in gold, a metal which the inhabitants of Col'chis obtained, to some
extent, by placing sheepskins in the shallow parts of the rivers, where the
wool became filled with the golden particles washed down from the
mountains.

3. The chief rivers were the Pha'sis and the Ba'thys ; from the former
the birds called pheasants were first brought. The Col'chians were a frugal
and industrious people, and were supposed to have been originally Egyp-
tians. Dioscu'rias, Pha'sis and Cy'ta, were the chief towns. Mede'a, the
noted sorceress, was born at Cy'ta. At ./Ea the golden fleece was kept ; it
was fabled to be guarded by a dragon that never slept, and fierce bulls that
breathed fire.

4. IBE'RIA separated Col'chis from Alba'nia. It was watered by the Cy'rus
and its branches. Zalis'sa, and Harmoz'ica, were the chief towns ; Ibe'ria
was invaded by Pompey, who defeated the inhabitants in a sanguinary
battle.

5. ALBA'NIA lay along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. Cabal'aca,
Alba'na, Seta'ra, and Camech'ia were the principal towns. The southern
part of Alba'nia was a rich, fertile country, and its climate was highly
eulogized. It was invaded by Pompey, and afterwards by Trajan.

ME'DIA.

6. ME'DIA included the upper part of Per'sia ; it extended east*
ward from Armenia to Asia, and was bounded on the north by the
Caspian Sea. It was for the most part a fertile and well-inhabited
region, and was famous for its fine breed of horses.

7. The Medes comprised, at first, six distinct tribes. Dej'oces,

Q. 1. Describe the situation of Colchis, Iberia and Albania. The Cau-
casus Mountains, &c. 2. For what is Colchis famous ? What is said of
the Argonautic expedition ? The precise object of the voyage ? How was
gold procured in Colchis ? 3. What is said of the rivers ? The Colcluans ?
Phasis and Cyta ? Medea? What was kept at JEa. 1 4. Describe Iberia.
5. Albania. 6. Media. 7. What is said of the Medes ? 8. Of Astyages?

44 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

their earliest king, collected them into villages, and brought the
nation to submit to established laws. They were long subject to
Assyria, but at length uniting with the Babylonians, they over-
threw the Assyrian empire. They then became a conquering
nation, subdued E'lam, or Persia, and extended their dominions
westward to the River Ha'lys.

8. Asty'ages was the last king of Me'dia. Manda'ne, his daughter, the-
wife of Camby'ses, a Persian nobleman, was the mother of Cy'rus. Ac-
cording to some, the latter was educated at the Median court, and after-
wards reigned jointly with his uncle Cyax'ares ; but, according to others,
he was an object of hatred to Asty'ages, and on attaining manhood raised
an army, conquered the dominions of his grandfather, and became king of
both Me'dia and Per'sia, B. C. 559.

9. On the union of the Medes and Persians, the latter adopted the higher
civilization and more elegant costume of the former, and the Median lan-
guage became the polite tongue. The northern division of Media was
called, after Alexander's time, Atropate'ne, from Atrop'ates, a governor who
rendered himself independent. His posterity continued to reign after him
until conquered by the Parthians.

10. Ecbat'ana, the capital of Media, contained a strongly fortified citadel
surrounded by seven walls, which were each of a different colour. It
became the summer residence of the Persian, and afterwards of the Par-
thian monarchs. Here Parme'nio was put to death by order of Alexander.
And here, too, Hephses'tion, another of his favourites, died.

11. Ga'za and Ve'ra were the capitals of Atropate'ne. In the former
Cy'rus deposited the riches captured from Croe'sus ; it stood near Lake
Spauto, the waters of which were both salt and bitter, and destitute of fish.
West of the lake stood Thebar'mai, the reputed birthplace of Zoroas'ter.

12. On the shores of the Caspian dwelt the Caspia'ni, or Cas'pii, a people
from whom that sea, previously called the Mare Hyrca'num, received its
name. They were of Scyth'ian origin, and, it is said, starved to death such
of their nation as had attained the age of 70 years.

Map No. 5. — What sea bounded Colchis on the west ? What country on
the north ? On the south ? East ? What towns lay on the coast ? In the
interior ? What mountains bound Iberia on the north ? What country
south ? East ? What river flowed through Iberia ? What sea bounded
Albania on the east ? What country north ? West ? What towns lay on
the coast ? In the interior ?

18

PERSIA.

1. PER'SIA, or PER'SIS, was the original country of the Persians,
and gave name to one of the great empires of antiquity. It lay
north-east of the Persian Gulf, and was surrounded by Me'dia,

9. What occurred on the union of the Medes and Persians ? What is said
of the northern division ? 10. Ecbatana ? 11. Gaza and Vera? 12. The
Caspiani ?

Q. 1 What is said of Persia ? How was it situated ? What kind of

PERSIA. 45

Susia'na and Carma'nia. It is a region consisting of rugged
mountains and sandy deserts, interspersed with fertile and well-
watered valleys.

2. Under their early monarchs, the Persians were a hardy and
brave people ; but they became luxurious and effeminate, so that
a mere handful of Greeks, inspired with the heroic courage of
freemen, was more than a mttich for the myriads who fought at
Mar'athon, Platse'a, and Saramis.

3. The Ma'gi, or Ma'gians, were the priests of the Medes and Persians.
Zoroas'ter was the founder, or, according to some, the reformer of their reli-
gion. The sun as well as fire was worshipped, as an emblem of the Deity,
and the sacred fire in their temples was kept constantly burning. Statues
and images were forbidden ; hence the Persians always destroyed the idols
of the nations whom they conquered.

4. The ma'gi believed in a Supreme Being, and they taught that the uni-
verse is governed by Oromas'des, the g(x>d, and Ahrima'nes, the evil prin-
ciple. The first they believed will final!/ prevail, when wars and conten-
tions will cease, and mankind live together as one family. The modern
Par'secs, Guebres, or fire-worshippers, still cherish this doctrine ; but their
number is small.

5. The Persians are a very ancient people; their first recorded king
reigned in the time of Abraham. The Kajan'ides were a race of early
princes, one of whom, Jem'sheed, about the year 800 B. C., founded Persep'o-
lis. Cy'rus, 240 years later, rescued his country from the power of the
Medes, and established the Persian, or third universal empire. This vast
monarchy embraced a wider extent than any preceding state, and comprised
the earliest civilized countries : still it does not appear to have produced any
material advance in knowledge and improvement.

6. Camby'ses, the successor of Cy'rus, conquered Egypt, and part of Ethio-
pia, his power then extended from India to Lib'ya, and from the Indian Ocean
to the borders of Scyth'ia. Dari'us, his successor, consolidated and strength-
ened the empire ; he divided it into Sat'rapies, or provinces, and appointed
the tribute which each was to pay into the royal treasury.

7. The reign of Artaxerx'es Mne'rnon was marked by the ineffectual
revolt of his brother Cy'rusr.and the retreat of the Ten Thousand. Dari'us
Codom'anus, the last of those kings, was defeated" by Alexander the Great,
at Issus and Arbe'la, and was slain 330 B. C., when Persia became a part
of the Grecian empire.

8. After the death of Alexander, it fell to the share of Seleu'cusNica'tor,
who left it to his successors, the Seleu'cides. About the year 246 B. C., the
Parthians, an obscure people from the shores of the Caspian Sea, expelled
the Syrians, and became masters of Persia. The latter remained for 500
years a province of their empire : when Artaxerx'es, a descendant of the
ancient Persian monarchs, raised a revolt against the government, achieved
the independence of his country, and became king.

country is it ? 2. What were the Persians ? 3. What is said of the Magi ?
Of Zoroaster? What did the Magi worship? What was forbidden'?
4. What was their belief? What people still cherish this doctrine ? 5.
What is said of the Persians ? The Kajanides, &c. ? • Of Cyrus ? What
is said of the Persian empire ? 6. Cambyses ? Darius ? 7 Artaxerxes ?
Mnemon ? Darius Codomanus ? 8. What occurred afi^r the death of

46 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

9. The new state is known as the second Persian empire. Artaxerxes
governed with vigour and sagacity ; one of his first acts was the restoration
of the magi and the ancient religion. His successors are called, from
Sassan, his father, the Sassan'idse or Sassan'ides. Several of this line of
princes bore the name of Sa'por : they were active and able rulers, and car-
ried on various wars with the Romans. Subsequently, this country was
conquered by the Saracens.

Ruins of Persepolis.

10. Persep'olis, the chief city, is said to have been 25 miles in length,
but has been long in ruins ; it contained the splendid palace of the Persian
monarchs, which was set on fire by Alexander, at the instigation of his
mistress. The ruins now called Chilminar', or the forty columns, are sup-
posed to be the remains of this edifice. Pasar'gadse, the ancient capital of
the empire, was the favourite residence of Cy'rus, who was buried here.
The sovereigns of Persia were afterwards crowned in this city, and a part
of the ceremony of coronation was to put on the regalia which had been
worn by Cy'rus.

Map No. 1. — What gulf bounded Persia on the south-west ? What coun-
try lay on the north ? On the east ? On the west ? Point out Persepolis.
Pasargadae. Aspadana. Point out Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, Armenia,
Colchis, Iberia, Albania, Assyria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Media, Susiana,
Carmania, Gedrosia, Arachosia, Drangiana, Aria, Margiana, Parthia, Hyr-
cania, Bactriana and Sogdiana : these countries, with Persia Proper and
parts of Scythia and Ethiopia, formed, in the reign of Darius Hystaspes,
520 B.C., the Persian empire.

_. 19 ,---

SUSIA'NA, CARMA'NIA, GEDRO'SIA, ETC.

1. SUSIA'NA lay east of Babylonia, and was separated from it
by the river Ti'gris ; eastward was Persia Proper, and southward

Alexander ? What is said of the Parthians ? 9. Of the new state ? How
did Artaxerxes govern ? By what name were his successors called ? What
name did several of this line bear ? What is stated of them ? 10. Describe
Persepolis. Pasargadse. What is said of the sovereigns of Persia ?

CARMANIA — GEDROSIA. 47

the Persian Gulf. It was an important .province of the Persian
empire, and contained the districts of Elyma'is and Cis'sia. The
modern name, Khusistan', is merely a corruption of the ancient
term.

2. The Choas'pes and Gyn'des were its chief rivers ; they were both tribu-
taries of the Ti'gris. The waters of the former were esteemed so excellent,
that the Persian kings drank no other, and supplies of it were carried with
them, in silver vessels, on their journeys. Su'sa or Shu'shan, the city of
lilies, was built on the Choas'pes river, and was a wealthy city ; it was without
walls, but the citadel called the Memno'nia was a place of great strength.
Su'sa was one of the winter residences of the Persian monarchs. Alexan-
der the Great found in it 50,000 talents of uncoined gold, besides silver and
jewels of great value.

3. CARMA'NIA was a province of the Persian empire, which lay
between Persia Proper and Gedro'sia. It corresponded nearly with
the modem province of Kerman, to which it has communicated its
name. The northern districts were dry and sandy, while the
southern were noted for their fertility, producing com and wine
in abundance. The grapes were particularly excellent ; bunches
being sometimes met with two feet long.

4. The inhabitants were called the Carma'ni, and were similar to the Per-
sians. Carma'na, the capital, was some distance in the interior. Its name
is now Kerman. Harmo'zia was on the sea-coast. In the thirteenth cen-
tury, when the Moguls invaded Carma'nia, the inhabitants retired to the
little island Tyri'ne, to which they gave the name of their town. In more
recent times, it was distinguished for its commerce, and under the name of
Ormus, its wealth became proverbial.

GEDRO'SIA.

5. GEDRO'SIA lay westward of the river Indus. It is now called
Beloochistan'. It is a region composed of arid mountains and
sandy plains. In traversing its deserts, the armies of Semir'amis
and Cyrus were nearly destroyed ; and the soldiers of Alexander's
army suffered intensely by the heat of the climate and the want
of water.

6. Fish and turtles are still plentiful on its shores, and form nearly the
sole food of the people. The ancient inhabitants were called by the Greeks
Ichthyoph'agi, or eaters of fish, and Chelanoph'agi, or eaters of turtles.
Their dwellings, owing to the scarcity of wood, were constructed of the
bones of fish and the shells of turtles. Near'chus, the admiral of Alexander
the Great, sailed along the coast of this region in his celebrated voyage from
India to the Euphra'tes.

Q. 1. Describe Susiana. 2. What is said of the modern name ? Of the
chief rivers ? Describe Susa. What was it ? What did Alexander find in
it ? 3. Describe Carmania. 4. What is said of* the inhabitants ? Of tne
capital ? Harmozia ? 5. Describe Gedrosia. What occurred in traversing
its deserts ? 6. What are still plentiful, &c. ? What did^the Greeks call

48 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

A'RIA, OR ARIA'NA.

7. A'RIA, or ARIA'NA, lay north of Gedro'sia and east of Media.
It occupied the whole of what is now Afghanistan', as well as a
portion of Independent Tartary. The chief divisions were, Mar-
gia'na in the north, A'ria and Drangia'na in the centre, and
Aracho'sia in the south.

8. The whole region was for a time a part of the Persian empire, subse-
quently of the Greco-Bac'trian kingdom, and afterwards it belonged to the
Parthians* The inhabitants were called the A'rii. The Medes were origi-
nally the same people. The Etyman'der was the principal river, and the
lake A'ria, into which it flowed, was the largest lake. The Paropami'sus
mountains extended from east to west through the country.

9. MARGIA'NA. — Margia'na lay on the north side of the Paropami'sus
mountains. Though surrounded by deserts, it was a populous and fertile
country. The vines grew so large that two men could scarcely grasp one
stem, and the clusters of grapes attained a great size. The Romans who
were taken prisoners at the defeat of Crassus were sent hither. Many of
them intermarried with the inhabitants, and hence were unwilling to return
to Rome when sent for by Augustus. The capital, Antiochi'a Margia'na,
was built by Antiochus I. where Alexandria, an older city, had stood.

10. A'RIA. — The province of A'ria gave name to the whole region. It lay
south of Margia'na ; it was a fertile and populous district, and was noted
for the excellence of its wine, which, it was said, would keep for three gene-
rations. A'ria was the chief town.

11. Drangia'na lay eastward of A'ria. The inhabitants comprised several
tribes, one of whom, the Agrias'pe, was called by Cyrus Ever'getae (Bene
factors), because they saved many of his soldiers from perishing in the
desert. These people formed a little republic, and were greatly superior in
manners and customs to the surrounding barbarians : hence Alexander con-
ferred several privileges upon them. Agrias'pe was their principal city.

12. Prophtha'sia, where Alexander caused Philo'tus, the son of Parme'-
nio, to be put to death, was the chief town of a tribe called the Zarangae'i.
The Paropamis'ada3 were a barbarous people, who lived among the Paropa-
mi'sus mountains. From one of their tribes, the Cabol'itae, the modern name
Cabul is derived. The Parthians called the province of Aracho'sia India
Alba, or White India, because the inhabitants, who were of white complex-
ion, had been at one time the subjects of an Indian monarch.

Map No. 1. — Point out Susiana, Carmania, Gedrosia, Aria, Margiana,
Drangiana, Arachosia. What gulf lay south of Susiana ? What sea lay

the people ? What is said of their dwellings ? Of Nearchus ? 7. De-
scribe Aria or Ariana. What were its chief divisions ? 8. Of what was
the whole a part ? What is said of the inhabitants ? Of the Etymander ?
Lake Aria ? Paropamisus mountains ? 9. Describe Margiana. What is
said of the vines ? Of the Romans ? The capital, &c. ? 10. Describe
Aria. 11. Drangiana. What is said of the Agriaspe? What did these
people form, &c. ? 12. What occurred at Prophthasia? What is said of
the Paropamisadoe, &c. ? Of Arachosia ?

PARTHIA, HYRCANIA, ETC. 49

south of Carmania and Gedrosia? E. What river separated Arachosia and
Drangiana ? Into what lake did the Etymander river flow ? What river
bounded Gedrosia and Arachosia on the east? What mountains lay north
of Drangiana ? What river separated Margiana from Sogdiana ? Point
out Susa, Harmozia, Pura, Aria. What commander sailed along the coasts
of Gedrosia and Carmania ? At what time was his voyage performed ?
How many years is it since that period?

Map No. 5. — What river bounded Susiana on the west? What rivers
flowed into the Tigris in Susiana ? What country lay west of Susiana ?
What city lay on the Tigris ?

20

PAR'THIA, HYRCA'NIA, BACTRIA'NA, ETC

1. PAR'THIA was at first a province in the northeast of Persia,
and bordering on Scyth'ia ; it subsequently became the centre of
an important empire, which, at the height of its power, B. C. 40,
extended from the river Euphrates to the Ox'us, and from the
Caspian to the Arabian Sea. Hecatom'pylos was the first capital,
but afterwards Ctes'iphon became the winter, and Ecbat'ana the
summer residence of the Parthian monarchy.

2. The Par'thians were a hardy and warlike race, and were
originally of Scyth'ian origin. They fought only on horseback,
and discharged their arrows with unerring precision even when
on full gallop, and with equal skill whether advancing or retreat-
ing ; so that their flight was often as dangerous as their attack.

3. They were subject successively to the Persians, the Macedonians, and
the Syrians ; the tyranny of the latter prompted the Parthians, under the
command of Arsa'ces, to rise against them : they drove out the Syrians, and
established their independence. Arsa'ces then became king, and subjected
to his arms, first Persia, and subsequently some of the adjacent States. His
successors continued his career of victory, and thus established the Par'thian
empire, which existed for almost 500 years. The race of princes who suc-
ceeded Arsa'ces were called, from him, the Arsac'id®.

4. The Romans had frequent contests with the Par'thians, but never could
gain any permanent advantage over them. Cras'sus, the colleague of Cae'sar
and Pompey, was defeated with great loss in Mesopotamia. Phraa'tes, one
of the Par'thian kings, to obtain the favour of Augustus, restored the Roman
standards and other trophies which had been taken, on the defeat of Cras'sus.
Tra'jan subsequently conquered a portion of Par' thia, but it was soon retaken.

5. The constant wars which the Par'thians waged with the Romans,

Q. 1. Describe Parthia. Its extent. Hecatompylos, &c. 2. Describe the
Parthians. Their mode of fighting. 3. To whom were they subject? To
what did the tyranny of the Syrians prompt them ? What t\ en occurred ?
What is said of Arsaces ? What were his successors called ? 4. What is
said of the Romans? Of Crassus ? Of Phraates? 5. What was the
effect of the constant wars ? What was Artabanus ? What occurred in his
5 D

50 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

gradually weakened their power and produced internal dissension. Arta-
ba'nus was the last king. In his time Artaxerx'es, a commander in bia
service, overthrew the government, and founded the second Persian empire,
which existed, under his successors the Sassan'idse, until the time of the
Saracens.

6. HYRCA'NIA was once an extensive country, but became gra-
dually restricted in dimensions; it lay on the southeast coast of
the Caspian, and from it the latter received its early name, Hyr-
ca'num, or Hyrca'nian Sea.

7. This country was noted for its tigers and serpents ; the southern part
was fertile in vines, figs, and olives. The inhabitants were of Scyth'ian
origin, an'd similar to the Parthians : they had at one time kings of their
own, but were conquered by the Par'thians, and became a province of their
empire. Zadracar'ta, or Hyrca'nia, was the capital.

BACTRIA'N A.

8. BACTRIA'NA, or BAC'TRIA, lay on the northern side of the
Paropami'sus Mountains. It corresponded to that part of Inde-
pendent Tartary now called Koondooz. On account of its favour-
able position and its fertility, it became at an early period a
civilized and important kingdom.

9; It was conquered by Cyrus, and subsequently by Alexander the Great
On his decease, it became a province of the Syrian kingdom of Seleucus
Nicator. Dioda'tus, the Greek governor of Bac'tria, threw off his allegiance,
254 B. C., to Anti'ochus II., king of Syria, and founded the Greco-Bac'trian
kingdom. His successors extended their dominions to the Ganges and the
frontiers of China. About the year 140 B. C., Bactria'na was subdued by the
Par'thians, since which time it has been almost unknown, and it is not de-
termined whether any traces of its Grecian origin remain.

10. Bac'tra, the capital, was an ancient and important city ; here Alex-
ander the Great, in a fit of frenzy, murdered his friend Cli'tus, for having
ventured to prefer the actions of Philip to those of his son. Near to Bac'tra
was Cari'atae, where the philosopher Callis'thenes was put to death by Alex-
ander, for refusing to pay him divine honours.

SOGDIA'NA.

11. SOGDIA'NA lay between the Ox'us and laxartes rivers, and
is now included in Bokhara or Bucharia: it was a fine, fertile
region, and was famous for the excellence of its fruits. In remote

time? 6. Describe Hyrcania. 7. For what was it noted? What is said
of the southern part ? Of the inhabitants ? What city was the capital ?
8. Describe Bactriana. What did it become, &c. ? 9. By whom was it con-
quered, &c. ? What is said of Diodatus ? What kingdom did he found?
What is said of his successors? Of the extent of their dominions? At what
time and by whom was Bactriana subdued ? 10. Describe Bactra. What
occurred there ? At Cariatse ? 11. Describe Sogdiana. To whom was it
subject, &c. ? 12. What is said of Maracanda ? Nautaca ?

ASIATIC SARMATIA 51

ages it was by turns subject to the Assyrians, the Medes, the Per-
sians and the Macedonians. It belonged to the Greco-Bac'trian
kingdom, and afterwards to the Parthians.

12. Maracan'da, now Sam'arcand, was the capital ; it is situated in a dis-
trict so fertile and beautiful, that the Arabs considered it one of the three
paradises of the east. It was the metropolis of Tam'erlane's vast empire.
In the vicinity was Nau'taca, where Bes'sus, the Persian satrap of Bactria'-
na, who behaved so traitorously to Dari'us, was taken and put to death by
order of Alexander. Cyrop'olis was built by Cyrus, to mark the utmost
limits of his conquests in this quarter. Near it was Alexandria, or Alexan-
dria Ultima, the most remote city founded by Alexander the Great.

Map No. 1. — What country lay east of Parthia? What country lay
•west? South? A. North? S. Point out Hyrcania, Persia, Carmania,
Media, Aria, Gedrosia, Arachosia, Drangiana, Margiana, Bactriana, and
Sogdiana. These different countries with Parthia Proper formed the Par-
thian empire. What mountains bounded Bactriana on the south ? What
river on the north ? What river bounded Sogdiana on the south ? On the
north ? What towns lay on the laxartes river ? Point out Hecatompylos.
Bactra. Maracanda. The Oxus and laxartes rivers flow into the Aral
Sea. This body of water is supposed to have been unknown to the ancients,
as no account is found of it in any ancient author.

21

ASIATIC SARMA'TIA.

1. ASIAT'IC SARMA'TIA lay north of the Cau'casus Mountains ; it
extended from the Eux'ine Sea and the Pa'lus Maeo'tis to the Cas'-
pian Sea ; on the north were the rivers Rha and Tan'ais. The
interior of the country was but little known, the inhabitants were
rude and barbarous, yet the Mile'sians settled commercial colonies
on its shores as early as 700 B. C.

2. The principal tribes were the Maeo'tce, Ala'ni, Sir'aces and Achse'i.
The latter were noted pirates. The Sir'aces were probably the progenitors
of the modern Circassians. Phanago'ria and Tan'ais were the principal
Greek colonies; the latter was a great emporium of trade with the Scyth'i-
ans. The Am'azons, when they left Pontus, settled in the country near the
mouth and on both sides of the river Rha, after which their names disap-
pear from history.

s c YTH'I A.

3. IN remote times, Scyth'ia extended over the wiiole of North-
ern Europe and Asia, but the name of the European division was
subsequently changed to Sarma'tia, and the western limits of the
Asiatic portion were restricted to the river Rha and the Cas'pian Sea.

4. Scyth'ia comprised two great divisions, separated from each
other by the Ima'us Mountains, viz., Scyth'ia Intra Ima'um, and

Q. 1. Describe the position of Asiatic Sarmatia. What is said of the
interior ? Of the Milesians ? 2. Mention the principal tribes. What is
said of the Alani and the Siraccs? Of Phanagoria, &c. ? Of the Ama-
zons ? 3. What is said of Scy thia ? What did it compose ? 4. What did

52 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Scyth'ia Extra Ima'um, or Scythia within, and Scyth'ia beyond
Imaus. The first included a part of Independent Tartary, and
the other Little Bucha'ria, Soonga'ria, Mongolia and Thibet'.

5. The Scyth'ians were divided into many different tribes, the chief part
of whom led a roving life, and were similar in almost every respect to their
descendants, the wandering Tartars of modern times. They were inured to
hardship and fatigue, were skilful horsemen and expert in the use of the bov^

6. The chief tribes in Western Scyth'ia were the Am'azons, Aor/sii,Noros'sii,
Cachas'sce, Aapis'ii, An'nibi,Choras'mii, Barca'nii, Massag'etse, &c. In East-
ern Scyth'ia were the Sa'cffijChauranae'ijCha'tha-Scy'tha-jOttorocor'rsej&c.;
the latter were noted for the salubrity of their climate, the fertility of their
soil, and their supposed exemption from nearly all the evils of humanity.
The foregoing tribes are only a portion of those met with in ancient ai>.
thors : hardly anything is known of them but their names.

7. The Massag'etse and the Sa'cee were among the most important of the
Scythian tribes. Tom'yris, a queen of the former, according to some at*
thors, defeated the forces of Cyrus, who was killed in the battle, which
occurred in the vicinity of the Caucasus Mountains. Some of the Scyth'ian
tribes became in time engaged in the caravan trade carried on between the
commercial nations of Europe and Western Asia, with the people of Ser'ica.
Turris Lapid'ea, or the Stone Tower, now Tashkent, was a noted station
for merchants in the country of the Massag'etee. Indo Scyth'ia, which lay
east of Bactria'na, corresponded for the most part with Little Thibet'. No
particulars of its inhabitants are known, except that they consisted partly
of Indian and partly of Scyth'ian tribes.

SER'ICA.

8. SER'ICA, the country of the Se'res, lay east of Scyth'ia : it was
one of the most remote regions known to the ancients, and is be-
lieved to correspond with Northern China. It was the first part
of the earth in which silk was produced. Se'ra was the capital :
some suppose that it stood on the spot now occupied by Pekin,
but its position is a matter of doubt.

9. The people of India traded at an early period with Ser'ica, and from
them the Greeks and Romans acquired their earliest knowledge of that
region, and first received its productions. Silk was carried to Rome in the
time of Augustus ; it was eagerly bought by the rich, and for a long time
it sold for its weight in gold. The licentious Heliogab'alus was the first
Roman who wore a dress wholly of silk; it was mentioned by the authors
of the time as an instance of almost criminal prodigality.

10. In the reign of Justin'ian, A. D. 592, two Persian monks brought
some eggs of the silk-worm from the East to Constantinople ; from that
time the art of producing and manufacturing silk was gradually introduced

those divisions include ? 5. How were the Scythians divided ? To whom
were they similar? To what were they inured? 6. Mention the chief
tribes in Western Scythia. In Eastern Scythia ? What is said of the Otto-
rocorrae ? 7. Of the Massagetae and Sacae ? Of Tomyris ? In what did
some of the Scythian tribes engage? What is said of Turris Lapidea?
Of Indo Scythia ? 8. Describe Serica. What was first produced there ?
What is said of the capital ? 9. Of the people of India ? When was silk
first brought to Rome, &c.? What is said of Heliogabalus ? 10. What

INDIA. 53

into various European countries. The Greeks called the silk-worm Ser :
hence the term Se'res for the people, and Ser'ica for the country, were derived;
these names, however, were unknown to the inhabitants.

11. Ser'ica is described to have been fruitful and well cultivated, and the
people as quiet, peaceable and industrious, precisely such as the Chinese
now are. One of the latest Roman writers mentions a great wall which
encircled the country of the Se'res, and which, there is no doubt, is the
same that is now called the Great Wall of China.

12. The Issed'ones dwelt on the western limits of Ser'ica; they traded in
the silks and other productions of the Se'res, and transmitted them west-
ward to Europe. Their towns were Isse'don Scy th'ia, and Isse'don Ser'ica ;
the former was on the CEch'ardes river, the same probably as the Cash'gar.
Northward were the Abii, a people highly commended by the ancients for
their justness. Some authors place this nation on the banks of the River
Tan'ais. Still more remote were the fabulous Hippophagi and Anthro-
pophagi.

Map No. 5. — What sea bounded Asiatic Sarmatia on the east? On the
west ? South-west ? What rivers on the north ? What range of moun-
tains in the south ? What rivers flowed into the Euxine Sea ? The Cas-
pian ? The Tanais River ? Point out the rivers mentioned in the text
The towns.

Map No. 1.— Point out the river Rha. The Daix. The laxartes. The
(Echardes. The Indus. Point out the Imaus Mountains. The Ottoro-
corrffi. The Annibi. The Hyperborean or Riphean. Point out the tribes
mentioned in the text. Point out Serica. On what river did it lay ? Point
out Sera. The Issedones. Issedon Serica. Issedon Scythia. Point out
the Abii.

22

INDIA. .

1. INDIA has been from the earliest times a renowned country,
and has with the western nations always borne the same name.
It lay eastward of the river Indus and the Erythrae'an sea, and
comprised two great divisions : viz., India intra and India extra
Gan'gem, India within and India beyond the Ganges. The same
divisions are still recognised by geographers, but are unknown to
the inhabitants.

2. The ancients regarded India as the richest and most fertile region in
the East, and its spices, precious stones, and manufactures were highly
prized. In Alexander's time it contained a hundred different nations ; the
inhabitants were divided into seven castes, though now there are but four.
The Brachma'nes, or Gymnosophis'tae, were the philosophers and priests,
and were the same as the Bramins of our day.

occurred in the reign of Justinian ? What then took place? What did
the Greeks call the silk- worm, &c.? 11. How is Serica described ? What
is mentioned by a Roman writer ? 12. What is said of the Issedones ?
Of their towns ? Of the Abii, &c. ?

Q. 1. WThat is said of India? Describe its position. Its divisions. 2.
How did the ancients regard this region ? What did it contain in Alexan-
5*

54 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

INDIA INTRA GAN'GEM.

3. INDIA intra Gan'gem, India within the Ganges, or Hither
India, corresponds to Hindostan. Its chief rivers are the Indus
and the Ganges ; westward lay the Erythrae'an Sea, and eastward
the Ganget'icus Si'nus, or Gulf of the Ganges : on the north were
the Emo'di, and along the western coast the Bet'tigo Mountains.

4. The southern part of this region was called Dachinab'ades : hence the
modern term Deccan, or the south. Lari'ce was a district southward of the
Indus : still further south was Cotton'ara, a district noted for its pepper.
North of the Dyarda'nes or Burrampoo'ter, in what is now Thibet', the
tribes called Indapra'thoe and the Iberin'gse resided ; but nothing more than
their names are known.

5. Baryg'aza, Muzi'ris and Bar'ace, or Nelcyn'da, were towns famous for
their trade by sea with Egypt. This trade commenced in the time of
Augustus. The ships proceeded from Bereni'ce, and My'os Hor'mos, on the
Red Sea, to Oce'lis, a great emporium in Southern. Arabia, from whence they
sailed by the S. W. monsoon to India, and then returned to Bereni'ce in
about a year after their departure.

6. On the Ganges stood Palib'othra, a large and populous city, the capi-
tal of the Pra'sii and Gangar'idae. Oze'ne, Plith'ana and Tag'ara, were
cities in the interior, noted for their extensive commerce. A number of other
cities, both on the coast and in the interior, are mentioned by ancient
authors, but of which nothing can now be recognised.

7. Until the invasion of Alexander the Great, the Greeks knew India
only by report. Long previous to that time, however, Semir'amis, and then
Sesos'tris, penetrated thither, and subsequently, Cyrus and Dari'us Hystas'-
pes carried their arms beyond the Indus. Alexander's inroad only extended
to the Hyph'asis river, from the banks of which stream he descended to the
Indus, and the sea, and then marched westward across the desert of Ge.
dro'sia to Babylon.

8. Near the Hydas'pes river Alexander vanquished Po'rus, an Indian
monarch, and took him prisoner. The latter was wounded in the contest :
on being asked by his conqueror how he would be treated, he replied with
dignity, " Like a king." Alexander, pleased with his deportment, restored
his kingdom, and the two princes became firm friends. Seleu'cus Nica'tor
next invaded India, and was the first Greek who advanced to the Ganges.

der's time ? How were the inhabitants divided ? 3. What is said of India
intra Gangem ? Mention its chief rivers. Its position. Its mountains.
4. The southern part, &c. 5. What is said of Barygaza and other cities ?
The trade to Egypt ? 6. What capital stood on the Ganges ? What other
cities are named, &c. ? 7. What did the Greeks know of India previous to
Alexander's invasion ? What is said of Semiramis ? Sesostris ? Cyrus,
&,c. ? Describe Alexander's inroad. His subsequent course. 8. What
occurred on the Hydaspes river ? What is said of Porus ? His reply to
Alexander ? What then occurred ? What is said of Seleucus Nicator ?

SINARUM REGIO. 65

Forus and Alexander.

The Romans never reached this region as conquerors, being excluded by
the Parthians, but their commerce, carried on through Egypt and Arabia,
was very extensive.

9. Taprob'ana was a rich and fertile island; the inhabitants were said to
attain to a great age. In the centre was Mount Malea, now Adam's Peak.
Sindocan'do, Arubin'gara, and Col'chi were among the chief towns. The
latter was famed in ancient times for its pearl fishery. It is now called
Cullatoor, and still retains its ancient fame.

INDIA EXTRA GAN'GEM.

10. INDIA extra Gan'gem, India beyond the Gan'ges, or Farther
India, corresponds to Birmah, Siam, Anam, and Malacca. Its
great rivers were the Dyarda'nes, Sabar'acus, Se'rus and Coti'aris,
or Se'nus. The interior was supposed to be rich in different
metals ; hence the names of Au'rea regio, Argen'tea regio, and
Chalci'tis regio, or the regions of Gold, Silver, and Copper, were
applied to various inland districts.

11. The Aurea Chersone'sus is now Malaya, or Malacca. Its southern
cape was Magnum Promontorium, or Malei Colon, nearto which was Zaba, a
noted emporium ; eastward was the Si'nus Magnus, or Great Bay ; westward,
the Perimu'licus Sinus, or Gulf, separated the Aurea Chersone'sus from laba'-
dii, an island, supposed to bo Sumatra ; northward were the Mani'olse and
Bonse Fortu'nae islands : the former was said to attract arid hold fast all ships
built with iron nails.

SINA'RUM REGIO.

12. SINA'RUM REGIO, or country of the Sina3, or Thina?, was, with
Ser'ica, the most eastern country known to the ancients. It is

The Romans ? 9. What is said of Taprobana ? The chief towns ? What
was Colchi famed for. 10. Describe India extra Gangem. The interior,
&c. 11. Describe Aurea Chersonesus. What lay eastward? West-
ward? Northward? 12. What is said of Sinarum Regio? Of the prin-

56 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

supposed to correspond to Central and Southern China, and Cochin
China. The Seman-thinae, Ura-thinae, and An-thina3 were the
only tribes known.

13. The inhabitants, like the Chinese, rigidly excluded foreigners from
their country, yet they traded with the neighbouring nations, and furnished
them with the Malobathrum ; an article the precise nature of which has
not been recognised in modern times. Thinae, Cattigarra, and Sinarum
Metropolis, were cities in this region.

Map No. 1. — Point out the Indus. The Ganges. Dyardanes. Sahara-
cus. Cotiaris. Namadus. Goaris. Chaberis. What streams flow into the
Erythraean sea ? Into the Gulf of the Ganges, or Gangetum Sinus ? Into
the Magnus Sinus? Point out the Hydaspes. Acesines. Hydraotes.
Hyphasis. These five rivers water the country now called the Punjab. The
Hyphasis was the eastern limits of Alexander's conquests. On its banks he
built twelve great altars to perpetuate the boundary of his career. Point
out the cities named in the text. The district of Larice. Cottonara. Da-
chinabades. The Prasii. The Gangaridae. The Aurea Regio. Argen-
tea Regio. Chalcitis Regio. The Aurea Chersonesus. Ibadii island.
Manioke Is. Bonas Fortunes Is. Point out the Sinse or Thinse, and the
Barrte.

— 1-23

AFRICA.

1. AF'RICA was, next to Asia, the earliest settled portion of the
globe. Its inhabitants were the descendants of Ham, the son of
Noah ; and though it became the seat of some of the most civil-
ized and improved States of ancient times, it is now the least
known and the most barbarous part of the earth.

2. The term Africa is derived from the Romans. It was at
rirst the name of the fertile district in which Car'thage stood, but
was at length applied to the whole region. It is a Phoenician
word, and signifies ears of corn. The coast south of Greece, now
Bar'ca, was in early times termed Lib'ya, by the Greeks, but
finally they called the whole of Africa by the same name.

3. The ancient geographers supposed that Africa was much
smaller than Europe, and most of them believed it to be a penin-
sula, situated altogether on the north side of the equator. Ptolemy
represented it as of greater extent ; but rejecting the idea that it
was surrounded by the sea, he erroneously imagined that its east-
ern coast extended so as to join that of Asia. The inland regions

cipal tribes ? 13. Of the inhabitants ? Their trade ? Name the principal
cities.

Q. 1. What is said of Africa? Of the inhabitants, &c.? From whom
was the term derived ? What further is said of it. Of the coast south of
Greece ? 3. What was the opinion of the ancient geographers ? How did

AFRICA. 57

were supposed by the ancients to be unfit for the habitation of
civilized man, from the heat of the climate and the number of its
ferocious animals.

4. The Atlas were the principal African mountains known in ancient
times. They were thought to be so high that the heavens were fabled to
rest on them ; hence, in the Greek mythology these mountains were per-
sonified by Atlas, a gigantic Titan, who, on being conquered by Jupiter,
was condemned to bear the vault of heaven on his shoulders. At the sup-
posed sources of the Nile are the Lu'nse Montes, or Mountains of the Moon,
and in the interior were others mentioned by Ptol'emy.

5. The ancients regarded the Nile not only as the largest river in Africa,
but as the largest in the world. Like the moderns, thjey were ignorant of
its source, and believed that it could not be discovered ; hence they made
use of the proverb, " Nili caput quaerere," to denote an impossible under-
taking.

6. The Gir and the Nigir or Niger were rivers in this region, supposed to be
the same as the Jol'iba and the Djyr or Misselad. The Bag'radas is noted
as the stream on whose banks Reg'ulus and his army were encountered by an

Destruction of the Great Serpent of the Bagradas.

enormous serpent, which they killed with stones thrown from their military
engines. The Dar'adus and Bambo'tus or Sta'chir, are probably the same
as the Senegal and Gambia. The Trito'nis, Col'oe, Nigri'tes, Lib'ya and Che-
loni'des, were the chief African lakes known to the ancient geographers.

7. The chief divisions of Ancient Africa were, Ethio'pia, Egypt, Lib'ya,
Africa Proper, Numid'ia, Maurita'nia, Gaetu'lia, Phaza'nia, Aza'nia, or Bar-
ba'ria, and Zingis.

Ptolemy represent it, &c.? What is said of the inland regions? 4. Of the
Atlas Mountains ? How were they personified ? What other mountains
are mentioned ? 5. How did the ancients regard the Nile ? What is said
of its source ? 6. Of the Gir and the Nigir ? The Bagrades ? The Da-
radus, &c. ? The chief lakes ? 7. Name the chief divisions.

58 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

^ETHIO'PIA OR ETHIO'PIA.
8. ETHIO'PIA was an extensive division of Africa, which com-
prised Ethio'pia sub Egypto and Ethio'pia Interior, The former is
now Nu'bia and Abyssin'ia. In remote times it was a populous
and civilized country. Egypt was not only conquered from hence,
but is believed to have derived, also, the original of those arts and
institutions which have rendered her name so celebrated.

9. It contained the king-
doms of Mer'oeand Aux'ume,
the capitals of which were
cities of the same names.
Nap'ata and Sir'bitum were
towns of note in Mer'oe ;
Adu'lis, in Auxu'me, a port
on the Red Sea, was famous
for its trade in ivory. The
city of Aux'ume, now Axum,
Ancient obeiuk at Axum, eo feet high. still exists, and is remarkable

for its antiquities. In the great square, alone, there are forty ancient

ob'elisks, one of which is eighty feet high.

1 0. The kingdom of Mer'oe comprised the peninsula situated between the
Astab'orus and As'tapus rivers and the Nile. It is called an island by
ancient writers, and is said to become so still during the rainy season.
The political power was vested in the priests, who were a sacred caste.
They chose the sovereign out of their own order, and could put him to death,
in the name of their gods, at their pleasure.

11. Like those of Egypt, their temples, obelisks, and other public build-
ings, were all on a gigantic scale, though they do not display in their con-
struction so high a degree of skill as the former. About the time of our
Saviour a new State arose on the ruins of Mer'oe, one of the sovereigns of
which was the Queen Can'dace, mentioned in the New Testament. Her
capital was Nap'ata, on the Nile.

12. Among the rude tribes in this part of Africa, some lived on locusts,
and some on the flesh of elephants and ostriches ; the last two were called
Elephantoph'agi, and Struthoph'agi. The Troglod'y tes, a race of rude shep-
herds, dwelt in caves. The Blem'myes were fabled to be without heads, and
to have their eyes and mouths in their breasts. The Pyg'mies were a nation
of dwarfs, who warred with the cranes, and went to battle mounted on the
backs of goats and rams. Recent travellers in this part of Africa state,
that the inhabitants report a nation of diminutive stature as still resident in
the interior.

13. The Macro'bii (long-lived), one of the most noted Ethiopian nations,
resided south of Mer'oe. These people are described as a handsome and

8. What is said of Ethiopia? Of Ethiopia sub Egypto? What was it
in remote times? 9. What did it contain? What is said of the capitals?
Of the other towns ? Of Auxume ? 10. Describe the kingdom of Meroe ?
What is said of the political power? 11. Of the temples, &c. ? What
occurred about the time of our Saviour ? 12. Describe the mode of life
pursued by the rude tribes, &c. 13. What is said of the Macrobii ? What
age was not uncommon ? Of Cambyses ?

EGYPT. 59

vigorous race : they elected the tallest among them to be king. The age
of one hundred and twenty years, and even upwards, was not uncommon
among them ; hence their name. Gold was so abundant, that fetters for
prisoners were made, it is said, of that metal. Camby'ses, when in Egypt,
marched with a large army for the purpose of invading the Macro'bii, but
was obliged to return long before he arrived at their country.

Map No. 1. — Point out Mauritania, Numidia, and the other divisions.
What ocean lay west of Africa? What lay north? What lay east of
Ethiopia ? East of Barbaria and Zingis ? What straits separated Africa
from Europe ? From Asia ? Point out the rivers Nile, Nigir, Gir, Daradus,
Bambotus, Massitholus, Astaborus, and Astapus. Into what river do the
two last flow ? Point out the lakes Tritonis, Nigrites, Libya, Chelonides,
and Coloe. Point out the Atlas mountains, — Lunse, Maste, Mandrus, Thala,
and Caphas. What islands lay on the west coast ? Where did Hanno's
voyage terminate, according to Gosselin ? According to Rennell? Accord-
ing to Bougainville ? Point out Ethiopia. Meroe. Auxume. The cities
of Napata. Meroe. Sirbitum. Adulis. Auxume. The Troglodytes.
The Macrobii.

24

^GYPTUS, OR EGYPT.

Portico of the Temple of Denderah.

1. EGYPT, in ancient times, was one of the most noted countries
in the world, and became celebrated at a very early period. In
the days of Abraham, it was a well-governed and important State.
In the time of Moses, the Egyptians were renowned for their
learning, and from them the Greeks 'derived nearly all the ele-
ments of their knowledge.

2. Egypt occupies the narrow valley of the Nile for a distance
of 600 miles southward from the sea. On the north is the Medi-
terranean ; south, lay Ethiopia ; east, the Arabian Gulf, or Red
Sea ; west, Libya and the Great Desert. Its most important fea-
ture was the river Nile, whose annual inundations fertilized the
country instead of rain.

3. The Romans regarded Egypt as the chief granary of their empire, and

Q. 1. What is said of Egypt? What was it in the days of Abraham ?
In the days of Moses ? 2. Describe the position of Egypt. What is its

60

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

they obtained vast supplies of the necessaries of life from it. It has been
also called the gift of the Nile, and the inhabitants, in gratitude for the
benefits derived from that stream, offered sacrifices to, aud adored it, as the
tutelar deity of the country.

4. The effluents of the Nile enclosed the chief part of Lower Egypt, and
formed it into a region shaped like the Greek letter Del'ta ; hence it is called
the Del'ta, and all districts similarly situated have received the same name :
as, the Del'ta of the Mississippi, the Del'ta of the Gan'ges, &c. The
waters of the Nile flowed into the sea by seven mouths, which are now all
filled up except two.

5. The ancient Egyptians were divided into different castes or orders, com-
prising priests, warriors, agriculturists, merchants, mariners, artisans, and
shepherds. The priests were the ruling order, and monopolized all the
power of the State. They were noted for their learning, which they con-
cealed from the common people. The warrior caste, to which the royal
family belonged, was, next to that of the priests, the most honourable.

6. Besides directing the religious affairs of the nation, the priests acted
as astronomers, judges, soothsayers, physicians, and architects. Their hiero-
glyph'ic characters formed the first kind of writing, and preceded alpha-
betic letters. The religion and government of Egypt were intimately
blended : there were prescribed forms and ceremonies for every important
action, which even the sovereign durst not violate or neglect.

7. The priests adopted the doctrine of the transmigration of the soul,
while the belief that it will continue as long as the body endures, obtained

with the people; whence the care displayed in the
preservation of embalmed bodies, or mummies, and
the vast expense of excavating tombs in the solid
rock. The Egyptians were grossly idolatrous. In
addition to Osi'ris and I'sis, their chief deities, which
represented the sun and moon, they worshipped the
river Nile, as well as oxen, dogs, cats, crocodiles,
serpents, birds of various kinds, and even plants and
flowers.

8. At an early period, the Egyptians attained to
great perfection in the arts. Their woven fabrics
were highly prized ; they excelled in pottery, in
dyeing, in the working of metals, and in the manu-
facture of paper, which they made from the fibres
of the papyrus plant. Their architecture was grand
and imposing, and their pyramids, temples, obelisks,
Papyrus Plant. and other structures, are the most gigantic ever reared.

most important feature ? 3. How did the Romans regard Egypt ? What
has it also been called ? 4. What is said of the effluents of the Nile ? Of
its mouths ? 5 How were the ancient Egyptians divided ? What is said
of the priests ? Of the warrior caste ? 6. Besides their religious duties, to
what else did the priests attend ? What is said of their hieroglyphics ? Of
the religion and government? 7. What did the priests adopt? What
obtained with the people ? What resulted from this belief? What did the
Egyptians worship ? 8. What is said of the perfection attained bv the

EGYPT. 61

9. The Egyptians were the first who organized a regular army, and intro-
duced an exact system of discipline. Their most important force was their
war-chariots, of which they employed vast numbers in their military opera-
tions. They excelled in archery : the bow was the national weapon ; and
the children of the warrior caste were from childhood instructed in its use.

10. Mizraim, or Menes, the second son of Ham, established the Egyptian
monarchy, 4000 years ago. Osyman'dyas, Moe'ris, and Sesos'tris, were
among the earliest renowned monarchs. Many of the Egyptian kings
bore the name of Pha'raoh. Sesos'tris was a great conqueror, and subdued
nearly all Asia as far as India and Bactria'na, and he either introduced
navigation and commerce into Egypt, or greatly encouraged those branches
of industry. Pha'roah Ne'cho, at a later period, also patronized navigation
and commerce, and was the first that attempted to cut a canal from the
Mediterranean to the Red Sea.

11. About the year 1600 B.C., the Hyk'sos, a shepherd nation from Ara-
bia, conquered Egypt. Subsequently, it fell under the dominion of the
Ethio'pians, and then of the Persians, whose government was so oppressive,
that the invasion of Alexander the Great was hailed as a national deliver-
ance. On the division of the Macedo'nian Empire, the Ptol'emies com-
menced their reign ; these enlightened princes encouraged learning, and
every kind of public improvement. The last sovereign of their race, the
celebrated Cleopa'tra, committed suicide B. C. 30. Egypt then became a
Roman province, and so remained for 670 years, when it was conquered by
the Saracens.

12. Ancient Egypt was divided into three great sections : viz., Lower
Egypt, the Theb'ais or Upper Egypt, and the Heptan'omis. The whole
comprised fifty-three nomes or provinces. The Heptan omis lay between
Upper and Lower Egypt, and derived its name from the seven nomes into
which it was divided. In its most prosperous times Egypt is supposed to
have contained eight million inhabitants, and twenty thousand cities and
towns.

Map No. 5. — What sea bounded Egypt on the north ? What gulf or sea
on the east ? What desert lay on the west ? What country lay north, on
the opposite side of the Mediterranean Sea ? What country lay on the
opposite side of the Arabian Gulf? What lakes were in Egypt ? What
region bounded Lower Egypt on the west ? On the east ? What desert
lay on the east ? Point out the Greater Oasis. The Western Oasis. The
Lesser Oasis. These Oases were fertile spots in the Libyan Desert, that
were considered to belong to Egypt. They were all inhabited. The Roman*
at one time sent convicts thither.

Egyptians ? 9. What were they the first to organize ? What is said of
their war-chariots ? Their archery ? 10. What is said of Menes ? Osy-
mandyas ? Of Sesostris ? Of Pharaoh Necho ? 11. What occurred about
the year 1700 B. C. ? Subsequently ? What is said of the Ptol'emies ?
The last sovereign, &c. ? 12. How was ancient Egypt divided ? What
did the whole comprise ? What is said of the Heptanomis ? Of Egypt in
its most prosperous times ?
6

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

— — 25

EGYPT. — [CONTINUED.]

1. The most noted cities in Egypt were Thebes, Mem'phis and
Alexandria. The first was a magnificent city, and was called
Hecatom'pylos, from its hundred gates. Its temples, obeKsks,
statues, &c., were all of gigantic size. The population was pro-
bably the greatest of any city that ever existed. Historians state
that 700,000 men could be equipped for war at one time, besides
which, 200 armed chariots could be sent from each gate. Thebes
was destroyed by the Persians almost 2400 years ago. Its ruins
still cover a space of twenty-seven miles in circumference.

2. Mem'phis, once the capital of Egypt, was a splendid city, and stood on
nearly the same ground now occupied by Cairo. It was taken and plun-
dered by Camby'ses about the same time that Thebes was captured, and has
long since disappeared. Babylon, called the Egyptian Babylon, stood not
far from Mem'phis. The inhabitants were Babylonians, brought hither by
the Persians when they were masters of Egypt.

3. The well-known Pyramids
and Sphinx were in the vicinity of
Mem'phis. The former are about
sixty in number. The largest is
from 480 to 500 feet in height, and
covers an area of 570,000 square
feet. The Arabs call them Gebel
Pharoan, (Pharoah's Mountains).
Near the base of the largest pyra-
mid is the Sphinx, a gigantic
image representing the body of a
lion, with a human head. All
^except the head and neck is now co-
vered with sand. The whole figure
The Egyptian Sphinx. is 125 feet long, and 60 feet high.

4. Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great. It was long a
renewned city, and continued to be a great emporium until within the last
three hundred and fifty years. Its population once amounted to 600,000. It
was the capital of the Ptol'emies. Here they collected the noted library of
700,000 volumes, which was afterwards destroyed by the Saracens. The
celebrated Pha'ros, or light-house, stood on a small island near the city. It
is said to have been 500 feet high. It was accounted one of the wonders
of the world.

5. Cano'pus, near Alexandria, was noted for a Temple of Sera'pis. Close

Q. 1. Which were the most noted cities in Egypt? What was said of
Thebes ? Of its temples, statues, &c. ? Of its population ? What is stated
by historians? When was Thebes destroyed? 2. Describe Memphis.
Babylon. 3. The Pyramids. What do the Arabs call them? Describe
the Sphinx. 4. What is said of Alexandria? ' Of what race of princes was
it the capital ? What is said of the Pharos ? 5. What is said of Cano

EGYPT. 63

to it was Nicop'ohs, built by Augustus in honour of his victory over An-
thony; and in sight of this place, 1800 years afterwards, the battle of the
Nile was fought between the English and French. Some other noted towns
in Lower Egypt were Heroop'olis, the residence of the shepherd kings; Sais,
at one time the capital of Egypt ; Heliop'olis, the On or Beth'shemesh of
Scripture, famous for its Temple of the Sun. Pelu'sium, the birth-place of
the geographer Ptol'emy, was so strongly fortified that it was considered the
key of Egypt.

6. Arsin'oe, or Crocodilop'olis, lay near Lake Mceris. This lake was dug,
it is said, by order of Mosris, an ancient monarch, to receive the surplus
waters of the Nile during its inundations. Near the lake was the famous
labyrinth. It contained 3000 chambers, one half of which lay above ground
and the other half below. In the latter the kings and the sacred crocodiles
were buried.

7. At Heracle'a, or Heracleap'olis Magna, the ichneumon was worshipped,
because it destroyed the asp, a venomous kind of serpent, as well as the
eggs of the crocodile. Antin'oe received its name from Antin'ous,the favourite
of the Emperor Adrian, who drowned himself here, from a superstitious
belief, then not uncommon, that such a sacrifice would prolong his patron's
life. The emperor, gratified at this instance of devotion, not only built a
temple to the memory of Antin'ous, but ordered that he should be worship-'
ped throughout the empire.

8. At Lycop'olis the people worshipped the wolf, because a number of
those animals had once repelled an Ethiopian invasion. Antaeop'olis was
once an important city. Its ruins are highly interesting. Ptolema'is, after

Ruins of AntoGopolis.

the fall of Thebes, became the chief city in Upper Egypt. Ten'tyra, now
Den'derah, contains the best preserved ancient temple in Egypt. A part
of the ceiling, on which was a representation of the Zodiac, was cut out and
taken to Paris. The ancient inhabitants were often attacked by those uf
Ombos, because the former destroyed the crocodile, while the latter wor-
shipped it.

9. Cop'tos was noted for its extensive commerce. A road led hence to
Bereni'ce, by which the merchandise of India was transported to the Nile.

pus ? Nicopolis ? Of the other towns in Lower Egypt ? 6. What is said
ofArsinoe? Lake Morris? The Labyrinth ? 7. What is said of Heraclea?
Antinoe? 8. Of Lycopolis? ^Ptolemais? Tentyra? Of its' ancient inha-
bitants ? 9. What is said of Coptos ? Latopolis ? Ombos ? 1 0. What is said
of Syene ? What did the ancient geographers imagine respecting Syene 7

64 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Latop'olis was named from the fish latos, which was caught here abun-
dantly. At Ombos the crocodile was worshipped with great veneration.
Bereni'ce and Myos Hormos were sea-ports on the Arabian Gulf, noted for
their commerce with India.

10. Sye'ne, now Assouan', is still the frontier town of Egypt. It was
regarded by the Romans as one of the keys of their empire. The ancient
geographers imagined that it lay directly under the northern tropic ; but it
is now known to be more than half a degree of latitude to the north. Above
eyre'ne were the islands of Elephan'tine and Phi'lae. The latter contained

Cataracts of the Nile.

beautiful temples. Near to Phi'lae was the first cataract of the Nile,
Its height must have been greatly exaggerated by the ancients, as it is now
oniy a rapid, up which small boats may with some exertion be drawn.

Map No. 5. — In what part of Egypt was Thebes ? Memphis ? Alexan-
dria? In what district was the Delta ? The Pyramids ? The islands of
Philae and Elephantine ? What cities were in Lower Egypt ? In the Hepta-
nomis? In the Thebais? What town stood at the head of the Arabian
Gulf? What towns stood on its western shores ?

- 26 -
MAURITANIA AND NUMID'IA.

Numid'ia, and Africa Proper, now comprise
the region called Barbary. It extends along the coast for more
than 1200 miles. On the north is the Mediterranean Sea ; south,
the Atlas Mountains ; eastward, the Syr'tis Major, and westward
the Atlantic Ocean.

2. The Atlas range extends throughout the country, from east
to west. The name is by some derived from Atlas, a Maurita -
nian king and astronomer, who made his observations on the
heavens from their summits ; but by others from Atlas, one of the
gigantic Titans. They gave name to the Atlantic Ocean, which
washed the whole of the western coast of the world, as known to
the ancients.

What is now known to be the fact? What islands lay above Syene? What
is said of the first cataract?

Q. 1. What did Mauritania, Numidia, &,c., comprise? What is said of
the whole region ? 2. Of the Atlas range ? From whom is the name

MAURITANIA. 65

3. Under the Carthagin' ians and the Romans, this region was distin-
guished for prosperity, population, and wealth. It was one of the chief
granaries of Rome, and was second only to Egypt in fertility. The Roman
writers called it the soul of the republic, and the jewel of the empire.
Many of the wealthy citizens had splendid palaces and country-houses on
its shores. Corn, wine, and oil were the principal productions. Many wild
beasts were sent hence to Rome to be exhibited in its amphitheatres.

4. MAURITANIA was named from its first inhabitants, the Mau'ri. It
included the whole of what is now Alge'ria, and part of Moroc'co. At first,
it extended only to the river Mol'ochath, but it afterwards included a large
part of Numid'ia, and was divided into Maurita'nia Caesarien'sis in the
east, and Maurita'nia Tingita'na in the west. Subsequently, Maurita'nia
Sitifen'sis was detached from the former.

5. The chief cities in Maurita'nia Tingita'na were Sa'la, Lix'us, Zi'Iis,
Tin'gis, Ab'yla and Ru'sadir. Ad Mercu'rios was the most southern Roman
station. Lix'us was an important city, and carried on a considerable trade
with Ga'des. In its vicinity, the giant Antse'us is said to have been overcome
by Her'cules. Tin'gis was the capital, and gave its name to the province :
it became a Roman colony.

6. Ab'yla was the most northern town : near it was Mount Ab'yla, which
stood opposite to Cal'pe, a high rock on the European side of the Straits of
Hercules, now Gibraltar. These eminences were called the Pillars of Her-
cules, or the Columns, because when Hercules, as it is fabled, tore asunder
the isthmus which separated the Atlantic from the Mediterranean, he
erected them on either side of the Strait, as a memorial of his labour.

7. In Maurita'nia Ccesarien'sis were Si'ga, Mi'na, Carten'na, and Csesare'a,
besides other towns of minor importance. Siga was the capital of Sy'phax,
the king of the Massesyl'ii, before he removed his court to Cirta. Csesare'a,
called at first lol, was a Phoenician colony. It was the residence of Boc'-
chus, and afterwards the capital of Juba's kingdom. The latter prince
enlarged and beautified it, and changed its name to Csesare'a, in gratitude to
his benefactor, Augustus.

8. Sit'ifis, which gave name to the province of Maurita'nia Sitifen'sis,
was situated in a rich, fertile district. Sal'dae, Coba and Igil'gilis were
towns on the coast. The latter was an important sea-port, and kept up a
constant communication with the city of Massil'ia, in Gaul. Southward of
Sit'ifis, was the Sali'nse Nubonensis, a salt morass, now called the Shott.'
It received many small streams from the neighbouring mountains.

9. NUMID'IA lay eastward of Maurita'nia. Previous to the
Roman conquest, it was occupied by two distinct nations ; the
,Massy'li in the east, and the Masaesyl'ii in the west. The river
! Amp'sagus separated these territories, and the Molochath was at

derived ? To what did these mountains give name ? 3. For what was thia
country distinguished under the Carthaginians, &c. ? What did the Roman
writers call it? What were its chief productions ? From whom was Mau-
ritania named? What did it include? What is said of its extent? Its
divisions ? 5. Name the chief cities in Mauritania Tingitana. What is
said of Lixus ? The giant Antasus ? 6. What is said of Abyla, &c.? Of
the Pillars of Hercules? 7 Name the towns in Mauritania Cfesariensis.
What is said of Siga? 8. Of Sitiris? Of Igilgilis, ^p.? 9. What is
6* E

66 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

one time its western boundary. The first were the subjects of
Masinis'sa, and the other of Sy'phax. The connection of these
monarchs with the Romans, about the year 200 B. C., has pre-
served their names to the present time.

10. The Numid'ians were a brave and active race, accustomed to endure
fatigue and hardship. They rode fearlessly, without either saddle or bridle,
and often made night attacks on their enemies. During the Second Punic
War, they annoyed the Romans incessantly. Some authors believe that
the Numid'ians were the descendants of the Canaanites, who left their
country at the time it was invaded by Joshua.

11. Cirta was the metropolis of Numid'ia, and the residence of Sy'phax,
Masinis'sa, and their successors, amongst whom Micip'sa contributed most
to its improvement by inviting a number of Greek colonists to settle in it.
In the 'reign of Constantine, it was nearly destroyed in a rebellion ; but that
emperor caused the city to be rebuilt, and then named it after himself,
which name it still retains.

12. Hip'po-Re'gius and Cullu were towns on the coast. The first became
the Episcopal See of St. Augustine. Tagas'te, Tib'ilis, Mas'cula, Ba'gai
and Tabu'dis were in the interior. Tagas'te was the birth-place of St
Augustine. Tabu'dis was an emporium for the interior trade of Africa.
It lay oii the river Sabus, or Zabus, which flowed into a lake at the base
of the Atlas Mountains.

Map No. 5. — What sea bounded Mauritania and Numidia on the north?
What countries on the south ? What countries bounded Numidia on the
east ? What ocean bounded Mauritania on the west ? What rivers flowed
from the Atlas Mountains into the Atlantic Ocean ? Into the Mediterra-
nean Sea ? What river separated Mauritania Csesariensis arid Mauritania
Sitifensis ? What river separated Mauritania and Numidia ? A. What
river formed the southern boundary of Numidia? What mountains formed
the southern boundary of Mauritania ? What strait separated Mauritania
from Spain ? What cities lay on the coast of Mauritania ? In the interior ?
What cities lay on the coast of Numidia ? In the interior ?

- 27

AFRICA PROPER.

1. AFRICA PROPER, or Carthage, lay eastwardi)f Numid'ia, and
almost within sight of Sicily. It comprised three provinces :
Zeugita'nia, Byza'cium and Tripolita'na. The latter occupied the
modern territory of Tripoli, and- the first two what is now Tunis.

said of Numidia ? What river separated the two , nations ? 10. Describe
the Numidians. What did they do during the Second Punic War ? What
do some authors believe? 11. What is said of Cirta? What occurred
during the reign of Constantine ? 12. What is said of Hippo Regius, and
the other towns ?
Q. 1. What is said of Africa Proper ? What did 'ft comprise ? 2. When

AFRICA PROPER.

67

2. Carthage, the chief city of this region, was founded 878 B. C., by
Dido, a Tyrian princess, who came hither with a colony of Phoenicians.
At one time it was twenty-three miles in circumference, and had 700,000
inhabitants. It was for more than seven hundred years the capital of the
republic of Carthage, which became a great commercial and maritime
power, and planted colonies all along the coasts of Northern Africa, and
also in Spain, Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia. Its mariners navigated all
parts of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the western shores of Africa
and Europe.

3. The Carthaginians carried on three sanguinary wars with the
Romans, which are called Punic Wars. They were at last conquered
by that people. The capital was destroyed, B. C. 146, and the country was

Destruction of Carthage.*

reduced to the rank of a Roman province. The people of Carthage, like
their progenitors, the Phoenicians, worshipped the sun, and offered up human
sacrifices in their temples. Han'nibal, Hamil'car, Han'no, and As'drubal,
are the most celebrated Carthagin'ians whose names have reached our times.

4. The other cities were Tu'nes, now Tunis, where Regulus was defeated ;
Utica, where Cato committed suicide ; Zama, where Han'nibal was defeated
by Scipio ; Thap'sus, where Csesar gained a celebrated victory. Clyp'ea, or
As'pis, served as a stronghold to Regulus in the first Punic War. It was
built on a promontory shaped like a shield ; hence its name, which signifies'

was Carthage founded ? What is said of its extent and inhabitants ? How
long was it the capital? What is said of the republic of Carthage? Its colo-
lonies? Its mariners? 3. What wars did the Carthaginians carry on ? What
was the result ? The fate of the capital ? Of the country ? What is said of the
people ? Of Hannibal, &c. ? 4. What is said of Utica ? Of the other

* In the foreground of the engraving is seen Scipio, the conqueror of Carthage, and
his chief officers. Kneeling before them is Asdruhal, the Carthaginian commander,
who had gone over to the Romans, and is soliciting their clemency. The wife of
Asdrubal, indignant at his cowardice, upbraids him in the most bitter terms. She then
kills her two sons, and throwing herself with them into the burning temple, perish**
in the Sanies.

68 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

a shield — the one in Greek and the other in Latin. Hadrume'tum, on the
coast, and Capsa, in the interior, were considerable towns. From Turris
Hannib'alis, Hannibal set sail for Asia, when banished from Carthage.

5. TRIPOLITA'NA received its name from its three chief cities : viz. Sabrata,
(Ea and Leptis Magna. The latter was the birth-place of the Emperor
Severus. The soil in some parts was extremely fertile, but generally it was
barren and sandy. Eastward was the Syr'tis Major, noted for its numerous
shipwrecks. The country on its shores was called Syr'tibus Regio.

6. In the interior of this region dwelt the Lotoph'agi, a race who lived
on the berries of the lotus. This fruit, if eaten by strangers, would, it is
said, make them forget their native country. Here, also, were the Nasa-
mo'nes and the Psyl'li. The former resided for a time on the coast, and
robbed and sold as slaves all shipwrecked persons. They were at length
driven by the Romans into the interior. The Psyl'li were noted for their
skill in charming serpents and curing their bite.

LIB'YA.

7. LIB'YA was the Greek name for the whole of Africa ; but
was generally used to denote that part of it which lay immediately
south of Greece. It comprised the provinces of Cyrena'ica and
Marmar'ica, which lay on the coast, and the oases of Au'gila and
Ammon, in the desert. The modern name is Bar'ca. This
region was sometimes called Maritime Lib'ya, to distinguish it
from Interior Lib'ya.

8. CYRENA'ICA, so named from Cyre'ne, its chief city, was founded by a
colony of Greeks, 630 B. C., and became an important and flourishing State
In its most prosperous days, it contained the five cities of Cyre'ne, Apollo'-
nia, Ptolema'is, Barce, and Bereni'ce, whence it was called Pentap'olis, (the
five cities.) There were other towns of less note ; one of which, on the
coast, was Darnis, now Derne.

9. The country was remarkably fertile, and abounded in corn, wine, and
oil. Its fruits were of superior quality. Its horses were the finest in the
world, and often gained prizes in the Grecian games. The most noted pro-
duction was the gum Silphium, which is supposed to have been assafcotida.
It was made a State monopoly, and was exported to all the neighbouring
countries. At Rome it was considered, weight for weight, equal in value
to silver.

10. Cyre'ne gave birth to some eminent men, amongst whom were Eratos1-
thenes, Callim'achus, Aristip'pus, and others. It was also famous for a sect
of philosophers ; hence called Cyrenaic. This city has been long in ruins-
A part of these consist of the Necrop'olis, or city of the dead, extending for

towns? 5. What is said of Tripolitana? Where was Severus born?
What is said of the soil ? Of the Syrtis Major ? 6. Of the Lotophagi ?
The. Nasamonies and the Psylli ? 7. What is said of Libya? What did
it comprise? 8. What is said of Cyrenaica? By what people, and when,
was it founded ? What did it contain? 9. In what did the country abound?
What was its most noted production, &c.? 10. What is said of Cyrene?

LIBYA

The Necropolis of Cyrene.

a mile and a half along the brow of a hill which overlooks the surrounding
country.

11. MARMAR'ICA is a barren, sandy region, which lay west of Egypt. The
inhabitants were the Marmar'idce, a race of Nomad'ic barbarians, who were
famed as swift runners, and for curing the bite of the most venomous ser-
pents.

12. South of Cyrena'ica and Marmar'ica lay the oases of Au'gila and
Ammon. The first is still, as it was in the days of Herod'otus, fertile in
dates. Ammon, or Ammoni'aca Regio was famous for its Temple of Jupiter
which was celebrated among all civilized nations. It was visited by Alex-
ander the Great previous to his eastern expedition, when the priests pro-
nounced him to be the son of Jupiter. This district was once governed by
its own kings; but in the time of Alexander, the supreme power was in the
hands of a chief priest. It is now called Siwah, and has been repeatedly
visited in recent times.

Map No. 5. — Point out Zeugitania. Byzacium. Tripolitana. What
country lay west of the two first-named provinces ? What sea lay north
and east ? What sea lay north of Tripolitana ? A. What river flowed
through Zeugitania? What lakes lay south of Byzacium? What island
lay east ? C. What promontory or cape lay nearest to Sicily ? H. What
island lay north of Tripolitana ? M. Here, in the town of Girba, the Em-
peror Vibius Gallus was born. What river bounded Tripolitana on the
east ? What towns lay on the coast of Africa Proper ? In the interior ?
When was the battle of Zama fought ? The battle of Thapsus ? What
gulf separates Tripolitana and Cyrenaica? Where is Libya? Cyrenaica?
Marmarica ? What sea lies north of these regions ? Where are the cities

Of its ruins? 11. Describe Marmarica. Its inhabitants. 12. What lay
bouth of Cyrenaica and Marmarica ? What is said of Augila ? Of Am-
mon ? By whom was its temple visited ? What is said of its government ?

70 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

from which Cyrenaica derived its name ? Point out* the Philenorum Arse.
The river Lathon. The Paliurus. The Cyrenei mountains. Baecolicus
mountains. Bascisi mountains. The oasis of Augila. Of Ammon.

LIB'YA INTERIOR.

. 1. LIB'YA INTERIOR included Gsetu'lia, nearly all the Great
Desert, and the countries now called Soudan and Senegam'bia.
Some contend that the ancients knew nothing of this region beyond
the northern edge of the desert, while others believe that they
were as accurately acquainted with it as the moderns were, pre-
vious to the time when Park made his discoveries.

2. GJSTU'LIA, now the Beled el Jerid, or Land of Dates, is a dry and
almost desert country, partially watered by streams that descend from the
Atlas. The people of this region were a roving, unsettled race, and com-
prised several different tribes, of which some occupied the oases of the
Great Desert, and some were intermingled with the Ethiopians, further to
the south. One of the most important tribes was the Dar'ae Gaetulia.

3. PIIAZA'NIA (now Fezzan) is an inland country, or oasis, surrounded by
deserts. The inhabitants were called Garaman'tes. They fought in war-
chariots ; and were a terror to the neighbouring tribes from their cruelty
and oppression. For a long period they were allies of the Carthaginians,
and carried on an extensive trade with the interior regions, similar to the
caravan trade of our times. The chief town of Phaza'nia was Gar'ama.
It is now called Germa. Its ruins have been visited by recent travellers.

4. THE GREAT DESERT was called Deserta Lib'ya Interioris (Interior
Lib'yan Desert), and also the Great Lib'yan Desert. It was often compared
to a leopard's skin, from the oases scattered, like spots, over its surface. It
is doubtful whether the ancients were acquainted with the full extent of the
desert ; but they had a knowledge of the northern and eastern oases, and
probably of some of the most available routes across it to the southward.

5. On the sea-coast were the Cana'rii, Autol'oles and Peror'si, rude tribes,

Q.I. What did Libya Interior include? What do some contend ? What
do others believe ? 2. Describe Goetulia. The people. 3. Describe Pha-
zania. What is said of the inhabitants ? Their trade ? 4. What is said
of the Great Desert ? What is doubtful ? Of what had the ancients a
knowledge ? 5. Name the tribes who lived on the coast. What is said of

* The Phileno'rum Ara were two altars, which stood on the eastern hounds of tne
Carthaginian Republic, and were erected from a circumstance thus related by ancient
authors. In a dispute between Carthage and Cyre'ne respecting territorial limits, it
was agreed that two individuals should start from the capital of each country at the
Fame time, and that the future boundary should be established wherever they might
meet. The Carthaginians chose two brothers, named Phile'ni, who used such diligence
in their journey that they had advanced far within the territory of the Cyrene before
they met the rival party. The Cyreneans were so enraged "U their progress, that they
gave them the choice, either of recommencing their journey , or of being buried alive
on the spot. They chose the latter alternative; and their country, in admiration of
their patriotic devotion, and to commemorate the event, erected those altars over their
remains.

ETHIOPIA INTERIOR. 71

of which nothing is known but the names. The countries immediately
south of the Great Desert, now called Soudan' and Senegam'bia, were inha-
bited by the Nigri'tae, Mel'ano-Gaetu'li, Leu'co-jEthi'opes, Hespe'rii-jEthi'opes,
and Cali'tae. The chief rivers were the Gir and the Nigir. Their position
and identity have excited much learned discussion ; but it is now generally
believed that they are the same as the Joliba,and Djyr or Misselad, of Sou-
dan. Pliny and Ptolemy both describe the Nigir, in particular, as a great
river like the Nile, overflowing and fertilizing the country in the same man-
ner, and with animals and productions of the same kind in its waters, and
on its banks.

6. The principal lakes of Interior»Lib'ya were, the Nigri'tes, Cheloni'des,
and Lib'ya. The latter is supposed to be Lake Tchad. 'Various towns are
mentioned by Ptolemy, but none of them can now be recognised. Nigi'ra-
Metropolis, Gira-Metropolis, Is'cheri, Tagama, and Thuppae, are some of
those named.

7. The Mandrus, Caphas, and Thala, were mountains supposed to form a
portion of the great chain that is now known to extend across Africa from
east to west. That part in which the Nile was supposed to rise, was called
by Ptolemy the Lu'nse Montes (Mountains of the Moon), and the name is
still retained.

8. THE FORTUNA'T^E INSULT, or FORTUNATE ISLANDS, now the Canaries,
derived their names from their delightful climate, and the abundance of
their fine fruits, and other products. The ancients described them in the
most exaggerated terms, and believed them to be the islands of the blessed,
or Elysium. Centu'ria lay nearest the African coast ; Cana'ria was noted
for its large dogs, and Purpu'rise for its purple dye. Niva'ria is now Tene-
riffe. Its lofty peak is always covered with snow ; hence the name of the
island. Hi'ero, or Ferro, was the most western of these islands. The ancient
geographers chose it as the first meridian. They reckoned their longitude
from it; and it is still occasionally used for that purpose. Further south,
was the island of Cer'ne. Here Hanno, in his celebrated voyage of disco-
very, planted a Carthaginian colony ; it was long held by that people as a
commercial depot.

JETHIO'PIA, OR, ETHIO'PIA INTERIOR.

9. ETHIO'PIA INTERIOR was the most remote part of Africa
known to the ancients. The inhabitants were called -^Ethi'opes
Anthropoph'agi. They were a race of cannibals. Here some
geographers place Agyzymba ; a country of which nothing more
is known than that it was reported to be the southern limits of a
Roman expedition. Others suppose it to be the country now
called Ag'ades, or Agdass, an oasis on the Southern edge of the
Desert.

10. AZANIA, or BARBARIA, and Zingis, now A'jan and Zanguebar', were

the countries south of the Great Desert ? Of the chief rivers ? What i*
now generally believed ? What do Pliny and Ptolemy both describe ? 6
What is said of the lakes ? The towns ? 7. What is said of the moun
tains ? 8. From what did the Fortunate Islands derive their name ? Hov
did the ancients describe them ? What is said of Centuria ? Canaria ?
Purpurise? Nivaria? Ferro? Cerne? 9. What is said of Ethiopia Interior i
Of the inhabitants ? Of Agyzymba ? 10. What is said of Azania e,na

72 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

countries lying on the Indian Ocean, vaguely known to the ancients.
Several ports on their shores were frequented by the Egyptians, Greeks,
and Romans, for commercial purposes. Cape Prasum was the most distant
point known in this quarter ; from whence the land was erroneously believed
to extend eastward until it joined the coast of India.

11. CINNAMOMIF'ERA REGio, or Aromatoph'orus Regio, was an interior
district, fertile in myrrh,. frankincense, and spices. It bears the same pro-
ductions at the present day, and is known as the country of the Somauli.
The principal tribe was the Sal'athse. Avali'tes, the chief town, gave name
to the great bay which extends hence to the coast of Arabia.

Map No. 1. — Point out Gsetulia. Phazania. Agyzymba. The Great
Libyan Desert. The Gsetuli Darae. Garamantes. Nasamones. Nobatae.
Canarii. Autololes. Perorsi. Nigrite. Melano Gaetuli. Hesperii ^Ethi-
opes. Calitse. Where is the Daradus river ? The Bambotus. The Mas-
eitholus. The Nigir. The Gir. The Nile. Where is the Nigrites Lake ?
Lake Libya. Chelonides Lake. Point out ^Ethiopia Interior. Cinnamo-
mifera Regio. Barbaria, or Azania. Zingis. Point out the ^Ethiopes An-
thropophagi. Salathae. Where was Aromata Pr. ? Tabae Pr. ? Prasum
Pr. ? Dioscoridis Is.? Menuthias Is.? The full name of this island is
Eitenediom-menouthesais ; but is usually contracted into Menuthias.

29

EUROPE.

1. EUROPE is the smallest, and it was. also the last settled, of
the great divisions of the eastern continent. The name, which
was at first applied to a small district in Thrace, is supposed by
some to have signified white, from the light complexion of the
inhabitants, and by others the west, because the whole region lay
west of the first-settled parts of the earth. According to the
mythology of the poets, the term was derived from Europa, the
daughter of a Phoenician king, whom Jupiter, influenced by love,
carried off, under the shape of a bull, across the sea, to Crete.

2. The ancients were acquainted with only the one half of
Europe. Scandina'via they supposed to be a group of islands
lying in the Coda'nus Sinus, or Baltic Sea. The unexplored
northern and north-eastern regions they assigned to the fabled
Hyperbo'reans. The countries bordering on the Euxine, or
Black Sea, were in early times considered to be a part of Scythia;
but they were subsequently included in Sarmatia.

3. Of the first settlement of this region, nothing now can be ascertained.

Zingis? Of Cape Prasum. 11. Describe Cinnamomifera Regio, &e. The
principal tribe, &c.

Q. 1. What is said of Europe? Of the name? From what was the
term derived? 2. What knowledge had the ancients of Europe? Of
Scandinavia ? What is said of the northern and north-eastern regions ?
3f the country bordering on the Euxine ? 3. What were the Celts ? What

EUROPE. 73

The Celts were among the earliest known inhabitants. Among these people
the nobles possessed great power and influence, and they formed a national
assembly for the discussion of public affairs, but the lower class were
regarded almost as slaves. Few of them tilled the ground ; the greater part
subsisted on the produce of their flocks and herds, or by hunting.

Stonehenge.

4. The priests were called Druids : they were also the poets, philosophers,
and teachers of the Celts ; and their authority in the State was almost
unlimited. They taught the immortality of the soul, its transmigration
through different bodies, and likewise the nature and properties of natural
productions. The Druids worshipped in the open air. Some of their tern-
pies, which were merely circles of very large, rough stones set up on end,
still exist, as at Stonehenge, in the south of England, and at Stennes, in
the Orkney islands.

5. The Druids regarded the oak as a sacred tree, and planted thick groves
of it around their dwellings ; but the misletoe, a parasitical plant, which
grows on various trees, was, when found growing on an oak, considered by
them the holiest object in nature, and was held in peculiar veneration. The
religious worship of these people was cruel and barbarous. They offered
human sacrifices to their gods, and predicted future events from the manner
in which the blood flowed from the victims.

6. The Celts were divided into numerous tribes. Some of them painted
and tattooed themselves, and some were cannibals. They were a people of
gigantic size, and great bodily strength ; with yellow or reddish hair, and
bright blue eyes. In battle, they were fierce and impetuous, but were des-
titute of military order and discipline. In the progress of Roman conquest,
nearly all the tribes of this race were finally subdued and civilized. The
language of the Celts still exists in the Gaelic, the Irish, the Welsh, and the
Basque, which are all dialects of the same original tongue.

7. The Greeks were the most distinguished of the .European nations.
They became eminent for their genius, love of liberty, and heroism. The
fine arts, painting, poetry, and architecture, reached among them a degree
of excellence which they have not since attained; and in each the finest
models for imitation were left, which has served to form the basis of modern
taste and knowledge. The language of the Greeks is the most perfect ever
spoken ; it comprehends the finest productions of the human mind, and is
the most copious, flexible, and harmonious in existence.

8. Subsequently, the Romans rose to power and distinction : they subdued

is said of the nobles ? Of the lower class, &c. ? 4. What is said of the priests,
or Druids ? What did they teach ? Describe their temples. 5. What is
said of the oak ? Of the misletoe ? Of the religious worship of these
people ? 6. How were the Celts divided ? Describe their appearance.
Their conduct in battle, &c. What occurred during the progress of Roman
conquest? What is said of the language ? 7. What is the character of the
Greeks ? What is said of the fine arts, &c. ? Of the Greek language ?
8. What is said of the Romans ? What occurred in process of time ?
7

74 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

the divided Greeks, and transplanted their learning and refinement to the
Italian soil. In process of time, the whole of Central and Southern Europe,
from the Atlantic Ocean to the Euxine Sea, was annexed to the dominions
of Rome. Agriculture was then introduced and encouraged, and flourishing
cities were founded among tribes once fierce and barbarous. The Christian
religion, also, as it spread its benignant doctrines over European countries,
became a powerful instrument in their civilization.

9. But with the decay of the empire, occasioned chiefly by its separation
into Eastern and Western, a great change was produced. The barbarian
nations, no longer held in check by the discipline and valour of the legions,
poured in from the north and the east, and ravaged all parts of the empire
with fire and sword. The people were everywhere enslaved or exterminated;
the cities were laid waste; the monuments of art levelled with the dust;
and the civilization and policy of Rome were replaced by barbarism and
ignorance.

10. The chief divisions of Europe, in ancient times, were Greece; Italy;
Hispa nia, or Spain ; Gaul, or Gal'lia ; the British Isles ; Germa'nia, or Ger-
many; Scandina'via ; Da'cia; Moe'sia, and Illyr'icum. Many of the rivers
and mountains retain their ancient names, with some slight alteration. The
principal are the Rha, Tan'ais, Borys'thenes, Ister, or Danu'bius, Pa'dus,
Rhod'anus, Ibe'rus, Tagus, Du'rius, Li'ger, Seq'uana, Tam'esis, Sabri'na,
Rhe'nus, Albis, Via'drus, and Vis'tula. The mountains are the Pyrenees,
Ilip'ula, Maria'nus, Canta'brian, Alpes, or Alps, Apenni'nus, or Apennines,
Car'pates, Hse'mus, Sevo, and Hyperbo'rean, or Riphe'an mountains. Also,
the volcanoes ./Etna and Vesuvius.

Map No. 1. — Point out the countries named in the text. The chief rivers.
The lengths in miles. The chief mountains. Their heights in feet.

The rivers, &c., that are not on Map No. 1 will be found on Map No. 5.
What ocean lay west of Europe ? What sea on the south ? What strait
separated Europe from Africa ? What sea lay between Italy and Illyricum,
or Illyria ? Be.tween Greece and Asia Minor ? East of Moesia ? What
sea or lake lay north-east of the Chersonesus Taurica? P. M. What sea
lay north of Germany ? North-west of Nerigonia ? North of Spain ?

30

THRACE, OR THRA'CIA.

1. THRACE, or THRA'CIA, extended westward from the Euxine
sea to the river Nestus, and southward from the Hae'mus moun-
tains to the Propcy^tis and the JEge'an sea. It was a wild, rugged
region, and was once considered to include all the countries that
lay north of Greece. It was therefore represented as the residence
of Bofeas. Thrace was conquered by Philip of Macedon, and
continued to be governed by his descendants until the time of the

What then followed ? What is said of the Christian religion ? Of the
decay of the empire ? What is said of the barbarian nations ? What did
they do ? 9. What occurred to the people ? The cities, &c. ? By what
were the civilization and policy of Rome replaced ? 10. Name the chief
divisions of Europe. The principal rivers. The principal mountains.
Q.I. Describe the positk-n of Thrace. What was its character, &c. ?

THRACE. 75

Roman conquest. It was then, for the first time, considered to be
a part of Greece.

2. Colonies were settled, at an early period, on different parts of the sea-
coast, by the Greeks, and the country was found to contain rich meadows
and corn-lands. It abounded in mines, and its horses rivalled those of
Thessaly. The principal mountains were the Hse'mus and the Rhod'ope.
The latter was the reputed birth-place of Mars. The He'brus was the
largest river. On its banks Or'pheus is said to have wandered, and to have
played with such delightful melody, that the wild beasts listened to himu
and the trees and mountains moved in cadence to his music.

3. Among the cities of Thrace was Abde'ra, notorious for the stupidity
of its inhabitants. It gave birth, however, to Democ'ritus, the laughing
philosopher, and also to Protag'oras, noted in Athens for his eloquence.
Near it was the residence of Diome'des, king of the Bis'tones, who fed his
horses on human flesh, and was slain by Hercules. At Sestos, on the Hel-
lespont, Xerxes placed the bridge of boats over which his vast army passed
on their march. to Greece. Here, also, Lean'der was drowned, in swimming
to the opposite town of Aby'dos to visit Hero, his mistress.

4. Byzan'tium, a Greek colony, was built at the entrance of the Thracian
Bosphorus. It was called Chrysoc'eras (the Golden Horn), from the beauty
of its situation. The Emperor Constantino made it the capital of the
Roman empire, under the name of Constantinople. At ^E'gos Pot'amos, the
Athenian fleet was defeated by Lysan'der, a Spartan. From the vicinity of
Heracle'a, on the Propon'tis, a wall, forty-eight miles in length, was built to
the Euxine sea, by the Emperor Anastasius, to guard the capital from the
attacks of the barbarians. It was called Macron Tichos (the Great Wall).

5. Philippop'olis was named after Philip, the father of Alexander. Adrian-
op'olis and Trajanop'olis, on the same stream, and Nicop'olis, on the Nestus,
have all retained their ancient names. At Adrianop'olis, Valens was routed
by the Goths, A. D. 378. This was the severest defeat experienced by the
Romans since the time of Can'nse. On the coast of the Euxine were Apol-
lo'nia and Salmydes'sus. The first was noted for its temple, containing a
colossal statue of Apollo. It was carried to Rome by Lucul'lus. Salmydes'-
sus was noted for shipwrecks. The adjacent coast was reckoned dangerous
to mariners, and was called Salmydessum-Littus.

MACEDO'NIA.

6. MACEDON, or MACEDO'NIA, was the kingdom of Philip and
Alexander. It lay west of Thrace, and on the*|outh side of the
HaB'rnus mountains. It was for the most part a rough, woody
region, the chief riches of which consisted in mines of gol| and

What is said of its conquest? 2. Of its settlement by the Greeks? In
what did it abound ? What is said of its horses ? Name the principal
mountains. What is said of the rivers ? Of Orpheus ? 3. For what was
Abdera notorious ? To whom did it give birth ? What is said of Diorne-
des ? Of Sestos ? 4. Of Byzantium ? JEgos Potamos ? What extended
from the Propontis to the Euxine Sea? 5. What is said of Philippopolis,
&c. ? What took place at Adrianopolis ? What is said of Apollonia and
Salmydessus ? 6. What was Macedon ? Describe its position. Its clia-

76 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

silver; but, on the coasts, wine, oil, and fruits were produced in
abundance.

7. The limits of this country varied at different times : At first its west-
ern boundary was the Canalo'vii, or Findus mountains ; but, subsequently,
it was extended to the Adriatic sea, and included the southern part of Illyr'-
icum. It was for a long time hardly considered a part of Greece, and, until
the days of Philip, was regarded as of little importance. That wily prince
having added Thrace, Epi'rus, and Thessaly to his domains, took advantage
of the domestic commotions of the Greek States, and, in the battle of Chser-
one'a, B. C. 338, brought them all under his control.

8. His son Alexander afterwards subdued a large part of Asia ; and, by
an uninterrupted series of victories, for ten successive years, became master
of half the world. After his death, his vast empire was divided ; Macedo-
nia was soon restricted to its ancient limits, and, after a time, lost its
supremacy over Greece. At length, Per'seus, the last of Philip's descend-
ants, having taken up arms against Rome, was totally defeated by Pau'lus
^Emil'ius ; and the Romans took possession of the country.

9. The principal mountains in Macedonia were the Hse'mus, Canalo'-
vii, Cis'sus, and Cambu'nii. The largest rivers were the Dri'lo, Ao'us,
Haliac'mon, Ax'ius, and Stry'mon. In the south-east, was Mount A'thos,
now famous for its monasteries. Xerxes caused a canal to be cut across the
narrowest part of the peninsula, on which the mountain stood, and sailed
through it with his fleet to Thessaly. This work, it is said, can still be
traced.

10. The chief towns of Macedonia were Edes'sa, the first capital, and Pel'la,
the capital, and native place, both of Philip and of Alexander the Great.
Berse'a, a very ancient city, is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles.
Thessaloni'ca was the capital of the Roman province of Macedonia. Here
Cicero lived when he was banished from Rome. To the inhabitants St.
Paul wrote two of his epistles. This city was once called Therma, and
gave its name to the Therma'ic, the gulf on which it, stood. Potidse'a, or
Cassan'dria, Olyn'thus and Amphip'olis, were noted in the wars waged be-
tween Philip and the Athenians. Singus gave name to the Singit'ic, and
Toro'ne to the Torona'ic gulf.

11. Pyd'na was noted for the final defeat of the Macedonians by the
Romans. Philip' pi was named after king Philip. Here Brutus and Cassius
were defeated by Antony and Augustus. Apollo'nia was famous for its
schools; here Augustus was educated. Dyrrach'ium, previously called Epi-
dam'nus, was the common landing-place from Brundu'sium, on. the opposite
side of the Adriat'ic sea.

12. At Metho'ne, which Philip had besieged, he lost his right eye by an
arrow, shot from the walls by Aster, a skilful archer. On the arrow was
this inscription — " To Philip's right eye." Philip caused the arrow to be
shot back into the town, with these words attached to it : " If Philip takes
Metho'ne, Aster shall be put to death ;" which was accordingly done on the

racter, &c. 7. What is said of its limits ? Of Philip ? Of Alexander ?
What occurred after his death? What is said of Perseus ? 9. Mention
the principal mountains. The laigest rivers. What is said of Mount
Athos ? Of Xerxes ? 10. What is said of Edessa ? Of Pelia ? Bersea ?
Thessalonica ? 11. What is said of Pydna? Dyrrachium ? Brundu-
sium? 12. What occurred to Philip at Methone?- What, then, did Philip
do ? What is said of Stagyra ?

GREECE. 77

surrender of the city. Stagy 'ra was the birth-place of Ar'istotle ; hence
called the Stagy'rite. He was a noted philosopher, and the tutor of Alex-
ander the Great.

Map No. 5. — What seas lay south of Thrace? What mountains lay
north ? What river bounded Thrace on the west ? What mountains lay in
the south? Point out Abdera. Byzantium. Heraclea. Apollonia. Salmy-
dessus. Adrianopolis. Philippopolis. What mountains separated Macedonia
from Mossia ? What river separated it from Illyricum ? What river from
Epirus ? What river from Thrace ? What sea bounded Macedonia on the
west ? On the south ? Point out Philippi. Neapolis. Amphipolis. Apol-
lonia ? Dyrrachium.

Map No. 2.— Point out the Thracian Bosphorus. The Hellespont. The
Macron Tichos. Sestos. Doriscus. Here Xerxes numbered his vast host
after the passage of the Hellespont. When were battles fought at ./Egos
Potamos and Adrianopolis ?

Map No. 3. — Point out the Thermaic gulf. The Strymonic. Singitic.
Toronaic. Point out Mount Athos. Canalovii mountains. Cambunii
mountains. Cissus mountains. Point out Fella. Thessalonica. Stagyra
Methone. Pydna. Potidaea,or Cassandria. Olynthus.

31

GREECE, OR HELLAS.

1. GREECE, or HELLAS, the country of the Greeks, was the chief
seat of learning and refinement at a period when nearly all other
European countries were involved in gross harbarism. Though
the most celebrated region of ancient times, it was of very moderate
extent ; and did not, excluding the more distant islands, exceed in
area half the State of Pennsylvania.

2. It comprised a peninsula wholly bounded by the sea, except
on the north, where Macedo'nia separated it from the rest of
Europe. Eastward, was the ^Ege'an ; westward, the lo'nian ; and
south-eastward the Myrto'an sea. On the north, were the Cam-
bu'nii, the Tu'marus, and the Acro-Cerau'nii mountains. In almost
every quarter, the surface consists of rugged mountains, interspersed
with valleys, some of which are rich and fertile. The gulfs and
harbours are numerous, and indent the coast on all sides, affording
every facility for navigation. The climate is mild and pleasant,
but varies, to some extent, as mountain, plain, or valley predo-
minate.

3. In its infant state, Greece was inhabited by naked savages, scarcely
superior to the beasts of the forest, living on herbs and roots, arid sheltering
themselves in caves and hollow trees. The first improvement in their con-

Q. 1. What is said of Greece ? Of its extent ? 2. What did it comprise,
&c. ? What is said of its -bounds? What mountains lay on the north?
What is said of its surface ? Of the gulfs, &c. ? Of the climate ? 3. What
is said of Greece in its infant state ? What was the first improvement in

78 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

dition was the exchange of their ancient food for the more wholesome acorn.
They then built themselves huts, and covered their bodies with the skins of
animals.

4. The inhabitants were at length gradually formed into little States ; and
were governed for the most part by petty princes, whose rule was often des-
potic. To this period, called the heroic age, belong the exploits of Hercules,
The'seus, Mi'nos, and other heroes, exalted into demi-gods for the zeal with
which they redressed and punished oppression. Until the Trojan war, the
Greeks had no common bond of union, and hardly considered themselves as
one people. That event brought together the warriors of the different
States — made them known to each other, and laid the foundation of their
national greatness.

5. Subsequently, the desperate contests of the Greeks with the great
monarchs of Persia served to unite them more closely; and the splendid
victories of Mar'athon, Sal'amis, and Platce'a, raised the national enthusiasm
to the highest pitch. Greece then took the lead among the nations of the
earth ; and, though often wasted by internal dissensions, she added to her
military renown that of carrying eloquence and the arts to a perfection
before unknown.

6. Under Alexander the Great, the power and dominion of the .Greeks
were extended to the most remote regions then known ; and, for a time, the
laws, the learning, and the language of Greece prevailed from Egypt to
India. The conquest by Rome put an end to the political existence of
Greece; but the latter subdued in a measure even her conquerors. Her
fame in arts and eloquence remained undiminished, and the greatest of the
Romans, and all who aspired to learning, came to study in her schools.

7. The Turkish, or Ottoman invasion finally extinguished in Greece
everything that remained of her ancient greatnes's. The Greeks were sub-
jected to the most grievous oppression, and were reduced, for almost four
centuries, to a condition little short of slavery. At length, partly through
their own exertions, and partly through the assistance of the great European
powers, this interesting people is now independent.

8. The earliest known inhabitants of Greece were the Pelas'gians, who
founded the kingdom of Sic'yon about the time of Abraham. Two centuries
later, they founded Ar'gos. They were a widely spread people, and migra-
tory in their habits ; hence the Athe'nians called them " storks." About the
year 1400 B. C., these people were expelled by the Helle'nes, who afterwards
became so eminent for their genius, learning, and taste. From them the
country was called Hel'las. The terms Greece, and Greeks, are of Roman
origin, and have been generally adopted in modern times. They were
derived from the Grce'ci, a small tribe in Epi'rus ; the first with whom the
Romans became acquainted.

the condition of the inhabitants ? What did they then do ? 4. Into what
were they gradually formed ? What is said of the government ? What is
said of Hercules, &c. ? Of the Trojan war ? What was the effect of that
event ? 5. What occurred subsequently ? What raised the national enthu-
siasm ? What then occurred ? What did Greece add to her military
renown ? 6. What took place under Alexander, &c. ? What is said of the
conquest by Rome ? 7. Of the Turkish invasion ? What was then the
condition of the Greeks ? What at length occurred ? 8. What is said of
the Pelasgians ? What did they found ? What is said of their habits ?
What did the Athenians call them ? When' and by what people were they
expelled ? What is said of the Hellene* ? Of the terms Greece and Greeks ?

GREECE. 79

9. The Helle'nes were divided into four great branches; viz., the lo'nians,
Do'rians, Eo'lians, and Achoe'ans. In time, these races came to be distin-
guished from eacl) other by differences of dialect, manners, and constitution
of government. The first two were the most predominant. Athens was
the chief lo'nian, and Sparta was the chief Do'rian State. The Achce'ans
and Eo'lians became, in a great degree, identified with one or other of the
ruling States.

10. Though the Greeks were often at variance with each other, the influ-
ence of their national religion, and their sacred, or public games, always
served as a bond of union. The public games were the Olym'pian, Pyth'-
ian, Isth'mian and Neme'an. During their celebration, a suspension of
hostilities, (if any existed,) took place between the different States, and to
witness them not only natives, but many foreigners, always resorted.
None but Greeks, however, could contend for the prize. This right was
deemed a privilege of the highest value, and served to unite the most distant
branches of the Hellenic race.

Olympian Games.

11. The object of all these games was to prepare the youth for war, by
accustoming them to feats of agility and strength. The exercises were,
throwing the discus, or quoit, wrestling, boxing, and foot, horse, and chariot,
races. Musical and poetical contests concluded the whole. The most noted
was the Olym'pic ; in which the renown of gaining a victory was so great,
that the victor was regarded as an honour to his country. They were cele-
brated every four years ; and from them the Greeks began, about 776 B. C.,
to compute their time : every period of four years was called an Olym'piad.

Map No. 3. — Point out Thessaly. Epirus. Hellas, or Greece Proper.
The Peloponnesus. The Ionian islands. Thracian islands. Thessalian
islands. The Cyclades. The Sporades. The island of Eubrea. Where
are the Aero Ceraunii mountains? Tumarus mountains? Cambunii
mountains ? Pindus mountains ? Point out the Ionian sea. The JEean

9. How were the Hellenes divided ? What is said of the two first, &c. ?
Of the Acheeans and ^Eolians ? 10. What purpose did the national religion
and the noted games serve ? What is said of them ? 11. What was their
object ? Describe the exercises. What is said of the Olympic games ?
How often were they celebrated ? What was computed from them ?

80 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

sea. The Myrtoan sea. The sea of Crete. Where is the Gulf of Corinth ?
The Gulf of Ambracia ? Gulf of Cy parissa ? Gulf of Messenia ? Gulf of
Laconia? Saronic gulf? Thermaic gulf? Strymonic gulf? Singitic
gulf? Toronaic gulf? Pelasgic gulf? Maliac gulf? Opuntic gulf?

32

GREECE— [CONTINUED.]

1. THE elements of their religious worship were derived by the
Greeks either from Asia or Egypt ; but they modified the whole
so completely, that it retained few or no features of its original
source. They worshipped a number of gods and demi-gods, whom
they divided into three classes-— celestial, marine, and terrestrial.
These were all subject to Jupiter, who was considered the father
of gods and men.

2. The celestial deities were, besides Jupiter, Apollo, the god of science,
who was also considered as Phoa'bus or the sun. Mars was the god of war;
Mercury, the god of eloquence ; Bacchus, the god of wine ; and Vulcan, the
god of fire. Juno, the sister and consort of Jupiter, was the highest female
deity. Minerva was the goddess of the liberal arts ; as Pallas, she was the
goddess of war ; Venus was the goddess of love ; Diana, the goddess of
hunting: as Phoe'be, she was the goddess of the moon; and, as Hec'ate,
she was in hell the goddess of the night, and darkness. Ce'res was the
goddess of agriculture , and Vesta the goddess of fire.

3. The marine deities were Neptune and his wife, Amphitri'te ; Ocean'i-
cus and his wife, The'tys ; Tri'ton ; Pro'teus ; Ne'reus, with his sister and
consort, Do'ris, and their progeny, known under the appellation of Tri'tons,
Ne'reids, &c. The infernal gods were, Plu'to and his consort, Pros'erpine;
Plu'tus, the god of riches; Cha'ron; the Furies; the Fates; the three judges,
Mi'nos, jE'acus, and Rhadaman'thus. Besides these, they had rural deities :
as, Pan ; Sylva'nus ; Pria'pus ; Aristae'us ; Ter'minus ; The Fauns and
Sa'tyrs ; Pa'les ; Flo'ra ; Pomo'na ; and a vast number of nymphs.

4. During the early periods of their existence, the Greeks were governed
by kings, and almost every city formed an independent State ; but, by
degrees, the love of hberty introduced the republican form of government:
a change the more easily effected, each State being so small that almost all
the inhabitants could assemble together, at a short notice, to consult on their
general interests.

5. Greece comprised four divisions ; viz. : — 1. Thes'saly and Epi'rus. 2.
Greece Proper, or Hel'las. 3. The Peloponne'sus. 4. The Islands. The
Romans added Macedonia, and then divided the whole into the provinces of
Acha'ia and Macedo'nia. The first comprised Hel'las and the Peloponne'-
sns. The capital was Corinth. The second included Thes'saly, Epi'rus,
and Macedo'nia. The capital was Thessaloni'ca.

Q. I What is said of the religious worship of the Greeks ? Of their
guds, «fec. ? 2. Describe the celestial deities. The female -divinities. 3.
The marine deities. The infernal gods. The rural deities, &c. 4. How
were the Greeks governed in early times? What was introduced by
degrees ? From what circumstance was the change the more easily effected ?
5. Name the divisions of ancient Greece. How did the Romans divide it?
What, did the first comprise ? What did the second include ?

GREECE. 81

THES'S ALY.

6. THES'SALY lay between Hel'las and Macedo'nia, and was sur-
rounded on all sides by high mountains, except on the east, where
its coasts were washed by the ^Ege'an sea. It consisted of an
extensive fertile plain, which was watered by the Pe'neus and its
branches. Thes'saly was famous for its breed of horses, and the
inhabitants for their dexterity in horsemanship.

7. Among the inhabitants were the Cen'taurs, who were fabled to be half-
man and half-horse. They were probably among the first who fought on
horseback ; and the horse and rider being taken for one and the same indi-
vidual, gave rise, no doubt, to the report. The Myr'midons, who dwelt in
the southern part of Thes'saly, were imagined to have been, at first, a race
of ants. They accompanied the rest of the Greeks to the siege of Troy.

8. Olym'pus was the most celebrated mountain in Thes'saly. It was,
according to the poets, the residence of the gods : on its summits reigned
an eternal spring ; and on the most lofty pinnacle stood the palace of Jupi-
ter. The Greeks considered this mountain to be the highest in the world,
and the central part of the earth's surface.

9. On mounts Os'sa and O'thrys the Cen'taurs resided. Mount Pe'lion
was covered with pine trees, and from thence was obtained the celebrated
spear of Achilles, which no one could wield but himself. In their fabled
wars with the gods, the giants piled Os'sa on Pe'lion. Pindus was sacred
to the Muses. The poets feigned Mount CE'ta to be so lofty that the sun,
moon, and stars rose and set behind it. Near the mouth of the river Pene'us,

Entrance to the Vale of Terape.

and between Olym'pus and Os'sa, was the vale of Tem'pe, celebrated among
the ancients for the beauty of its scenery. It is about five miles in length,
and is entered by a narrow defile.

10. Laris'sa, on the Pe'neus river, was the most famous of all the cities

6. Describe the position of Thessaly. Of what did it consist? For what
was it famous ? 7. What is said of the Centaurs ? What were they,
probably ? What is said of the Myrmidons ? 8. Of Mount Olympus ?
What did the Greeks consider it to be ? ' 9. What is said of mounts Ossa
andOthrys? Of Mount Pelion? Of the giants? Mount Pindus ? Mount
(Eta ? Describe the vale of Tempe. 10. What is said of Larissa ? Phthia ?
Melibsea? Anticyra? Hypata? lolcos? Aphetoe ? What occurred at

F

92 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

of that name. Achil'les had here his seat of government. Phthi'a was the
city of the Myr'midons. Melibae'a was famous for dyeing wool of a purple
colour; Antic'yra for its hellebore; and Hyp'ata for the skill of its inhabit
ants in magic. lol'cos was the birth-place of Ja'son, the leader of the
Argonau'tic expedition ; and Aph'etae was the port from which it set sail.

11. At Cynoceph'alae, the Macedonians were defeated by the Romans;
and at Pharsa'lia, Caesar obtained the victory over his rival Pompey, which
secured. him the government of Rome. Gom'phi, Itho'me, Tric'ca, Metrop'o-
lis, Cyph'ara, Thau'maci, Scotus'sa, Cra'non, Poer'na, Deme'trias, Pag'asee,
Thebes, La'mia, and Magne'sia, were all noted towns. Thessaly anciently
contained several tribes, or districts: — jEstiaeo'tisjThessalio'tis, Pelasgio'tis,
Magne'sia, Dolo'pia, and Phthio'tis were the principal.

Map No. 3. — What mountains bounded Thessaly on the north ? On the
west ? South ? What sea and gulf bounded it on the east ? Into what
gulf did the Peneus river flow ? The Sperchius ? In what part of Thessaly
was Mount Olympus ? Mount Ossa? Pelion? Othrys? ValeofTempe?
Lake Brebe ? Point out the chief towns mentioned in the text. The districts.
What towns stood on the Maliac gulf? On the Pelasgic ? On the shores
of the ^Egean sea ? At what time were battles fought at Cynoscephalas
and Pharsalia ?

33

EPI'RUS.

1. EPI'RUS lay between the Ionian Sea and the Pindus Moun-
tains. In early times it was hardly considered a part of Greece,
but, subsequently, it was fully recognised as one of the divisions
of that country. The celebrated Pyr'rhus, who invaded Italy about
the year 300* B. C., and who first transported elephants to that
country, was king of Epi'rus.

2. The Epifrots were, for a time, a powerful nation, but were at length
conquered by the Romans ; who captured 70 cities, and sold 150,000
of the inhabitants into slavery. The chief divisions of Epi'rus were Chao'-
nia, Molos'sis and Thespro'tia. The inhabitants of the latter were the most
ancient in Epi'rus. Molos'sis was noted for its breed of hunting-dogs. The
whole region was, like Thessaly, famous for the excellence of its horses.

3. The principal streams were, the Achelo'us, Arach'thus, and Ao'us. The
Ach'eron and Cocy'tus were considered by the poets to be infernal rivers ;
the former, probably, from the dead appearance of its waters, and the latter
for the unhealthiness of the country on the lower part of its course. The
Pindus mountains separated Epi'rus from Thessaly. The Acro-Cerau'nii
mountains were named from the summits being so often struck by lightning.
They were said to attract storms, and were dreaded by sailors.

Cynoscephalae ? At Pharsalia ? Mention the other noted towns. The dis
tricts.

Q. 1. Describe the position of Epirus. How was it considered in early
times, &c.? What is said of Pyrrhus ? 2. Of the Epirots ? Name the chief
divisions. What is said of the inhabitants of Thesprotia ? Of Molos-
sis ? How did Epirus resemble Thessaly ? 3. Name the principal rivers.

GREECE. 83

4. Ambra'cia was the residence of Pyr'rhus and his successors. Buthro'-
tum was visited by JSne'as in his way from Troy to Italy. Dodo'na was
famous for its oracle, said to be the most ancient in Greece. At Or'icum
Helen and Androm'ache reigned after the Trojan war. Nicop'olis was
built by Augustus in honour of his victory over Antony at Ac'tium.

HEL'LAS, OR GREECE PROPER.

5. HEL'LAS, the central division of Greece, was called Greece
Proper, from being the seat of the chief Hellen ic nations. It lay
north of the Corinthian and Saronic gulfs, and south of Epirus and
Thessaly. In area it was nearly equal to Connecticut and Rhode
Island ; and comprised Acarna'nia, jEto'lia, Do'ris, Lo'cris, Pho'cis,
Boeo'tia, At'tica, and Meg'aris.

6. The Achelo'us, in Acarna'nia, the Eve'nus, in ./Eto'lia, and the Ce-
phis'sus and Aso'pus, in Boeo'tia, were the chief rivers. The Achelo'us was
the largest. On the banks of the Eve'nus, Hercules slew Nessus, for offer-
ing violence to Dejani'ra. The Cephis'sus (called the divine) was the river
of the Graces. On the banks of the Aso'pus, the renowned battle of Platae'a
was fought. Lake Copa'is, in Boeo'tia, was the largest lake. It was famous
for its eels, which were highly prized by epicures.

7. The chief mountains were, besides Mount (Eta, which formed the
northern boundary of Hel'las, Aracyn'thus, in Acarna'nia ; Panaetol'icum, in
.SSto'lia ; Parnas'sus, in Pho'cis ; Hel'icon, in Boeo'tia ; Cithse'ron, on the
borders of Boeo'tia, Meg'aris, and At'tica ; Par'nes, between Boeo'tia and
At'tica ; and Hymet'tus and Pentel'icus, in At'tica.

8. ACARNA'NIA was the westernmost division of Hel'las. The
inhabitants were rude barbarians long after the other branches of
the Hellen'ic race had become the instructors of the world. They
were gross, sensual, and addicted to low pleasures ; so that porcus
Acarnas became a proverbial expression.

9. Its chief cities were Ar'gos-Amphiloch'icum, and Stra'tus. It con-
tained, also, the town and promontory of Ac'tium, off which the battle was
fought that gave Augustus the empire of the world.

10. ^ETO'LIA was the least cultivated part of Greece. The
people were, for a long period, the most uncivilized of the Hellen'-
ic race. They were also noted freebooters. On the decline of
Athens and Sparta, the JEto'lians became an important people,

What is said of the Acheron and Cocytus? Of the Acro-Ceraunii ? 4.
Of Ambracia? Buthrotum, and the other towns? 5. What is said of
Hellas ? Describe its position. Its area. What did it comprise ? Name
the chief rivers. What is said of the Achelous ? Of the Evenus ? The
Cephissus ? The Asopus ? Lake Copais ? 7. Name the chief mountains.
8. Describe Acarnania. 9. Its chief cities. 10. What is said of jEtoliaT

84 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

am1 formed an alliance with Rome, B, C, 214. Their subsequent
desertion of the Romans, for Anti'ochus, king of Syria, was the
chief cause of the subjugation of Greece.

11. The chief towns were Chal'cis, CaTydon, and Thermus. The latter
was the capital of JEtolia. Cal'ydon was the native place of Melea'ger,
Dejani'ra, and Diome'des. Here the ferocious Calydo'nian boar, whom
Diana sent to ravage the country, was killed by Melea'ger,

LO'CRII, OR LO'CRIANS.

12. The LO'CRII, or LOCRIANS, comprised three tribes; viz.: the
Oz'oke, the Opun'tii, and the Epi-Cnemidii. The Locrii-Oz'olog,
or western Lo'crii. occupied a small district on the north side of
the Corinthian gulf.

13. The principal city was Naupac'tus, [the ship-building town,] so
named because the Heracli'dEe built here the fleet in which they crossed
over into the Peloponne'sus. The territory of the two other tribes lay on
the Opun'tic gulf, and was divided between them in nearly equal portions.
O'pus was the chief town of the Locrii-O'puntii, and Thronium of the Ep'i-

Leonidas defending the Pass of Thermopylae.

14. In the territory of the latter is the famous pass of Thermopylae, which,
in its narrowest part, is only twenty-five feet wide. Here three hundred Spar-
tans, under Leon'idas, repulsed, for three days, the vast army of Xerxes, esti-
mated at two millions of men. On the same ground, the Greeks afterwards
contended against the Gauls ; and the Romans, under the Consul Acil'i us,
here defeated the army of Anti'ochus.

Map No. 3.— What bounds Epirus on the north? South? East? West?
Point out the rivers mentioned in the text. What rivers flowed into the

What occurred on the decline of Athens and Sparta ? 11. Name the chief
town?. 12. What did the Locrii, or Locrians, comprise ? What is said of
the Locrii Ozolce ? 13. Of their principal city ? What is said of the two
other tribes? Their chief towns ? 14. Describe the pass of Thermopylae
What occurred there ? What afterwards took place ?

GREECE.

85

Ionian sea? The Gulf of Arta? What islands lay west of Epirus ? What
towns lay on the coast ? In the interior ? What sea west of Acarnania ?
South of JStolia ? What gulf south of Western Locris ? What mountains
east of Acarnania? North of jEtolia ? What rivers in Acarnania? In
^Etolia? In Western Locris? What islands lay v/est of Acarnania?
When did the battle of Actium occur ? In what gulf was it fought ? When
was the battle of Thermopy lie fought?

34

PHO'CIS, DO'RIS, BCEOTIA, &c.

1. Pho'cis lay near the centre of Greece Proper, and north of
the Gulf of Corinth. The inhabitants subsisted chiefly by agri-
culture, and were distinguished for their bravery. The Pho'cian,
or Sacred Wars, which proved so disastrous to Grecian liberty,
originated with these people. They lasted ten years, and were
terminated by the battle of Chrerone'a ; a victory which enabled
Philip of Mac'edon to control the affairs of Greece.

2. Delp'hi,the chief city of Pho'-
cis, was situated at the base of
Mount Parnas'sus. Here Apollo
killed the serpent Py'thon ; in
honour of which exploit, the Pyth'-
ian Games were celebrated every
fifth year. It was famous for a
temple of Apollo, and for an oracle
celebrated amongst all the ancient
nations. Here the Amphictyon'io
Council met to deliberate on the
affairs of the nation. Del'phi was
considered to be the umbilicus, or
centre of Greece, and also of the.
ancient world.

'3. Cir'rha was the port of Del'-
phi. Antic'yra was noted for its
hellebore, the great remedy for
madness among the ancients :
hence it was said of a person la.
bouring under insanity, "Let him
go to Antic'yra." The same, how,
Delphi, ever, was also said of Antic'yra in

Thessaly. Litse'a and Elate'a were towns on the Cephis'sus river.

4. Mount Parnas'sus was one of the most noted mountains of Greece
It had two summits ; the one consecrated to Apollo and the muses, and the
other to Bacchus. On it was the celebrated Casta'lian fountain ; the waters
of which were fabled to inspire those who drank them with the true spirit
of poetry.

Q. 1. Describe Phocis. What is said of the inhabitants? Of the Phocian
or Sacred Wars? 2. Describe Delphi. What is said of Apollo? For
what was Delphi famous? What is said of the Amphictyonic Council ? 3.
Of Cirrha and the other towns ? 4. Describe Mount Pajnassus. What U

8

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

DO'RIS.

5. DO'RIS was a small, interior State, which lay between

and Pho'cis, and at the base of Mount CE'ta. It was called Te-
trap'olis, from its four cities.

6. The Do'rians were one of the chief branches of the Hellen'ic race
Though limited in numbers, they sent various colonies to Italy, Sicily, and
Asia Minor. The Dor'ic order of architecture, and the Dor'ic style of music,
were derived from hence, as well as the Dor'ic, one of the principal dialects
of the Greek tongue.

B<EO'TIA.

7. BCEO'TIA lay between the Gulf of Corinth and the Euri'pus.
It was the most fertile district in Greece. The inhabitants were a
vigorous and athletic race ; but were considered by the more
sprightly Athe'nians as dull in intellect. — Yet Hes'iod, Pindar,
Corin'na, and Plu'tarch, were natives of Breo'tia. .

8. In early times, it comprised several small States. About the year 1640
B. C., Cadmus, the Phoenic'ian, founded the city of Thebes. After the
death of Xan'thian, its last king", the adjacent cities were formed into a
republic, of which Thebes took the lead, and was raised, by the talents of
Epaminon'das and Pelop'idas, to the rank of the most powerful Grecian
States.

9. The city of Thebes was named after the celebrated Egyptian Thebes.
It was long without walls ; but was at length fortified, and had seven gates,
— from which it was called Heptap'ylos. It was the birth-place of Epami-
non'das, Pelop'idas, and Pindar. It revolted from Alexander, previous to his
eastern expedition, when he captured and demolished it ; sparing nothing
but the house and family of Pindar, from admiration of the poet.

10. Orchom'enus was, at an early period, celebrated for its wealth ; it was
called the City of the Graces, from a temple consecrated to them. Chserone'a
was the birth-place of Plu'tarch, and the scene of a noted victory gained by
Philip over the Athe'nians and Beeo'tians. Here, also, Archela'us, the gene-
ral of Mithrida'tes, was vanquished by Sylla, B. C. 86. At Coronae'a, the
Thebans were defeated by the Spartans.

11. Platse'a was memorable for the defeat of the Persians by the Greeks,
on the same day that the battle of Myc'ale in lo'nia was fought. At Leuc'
tra, the Spartans were beaten by the Thebans under Epaminon'das ; this
victory put an end to the Spartan rule in Greece, after it had continued near
500 years. Thes'piae was' sacred to the muses ; the inhabitants were the
only people in Boao'tia who refused the tender of earth and water to Xerxes
as a token of submission. Ascra was the birth-place of Hes'iod.

said of the Castalian Fountain? 5. What is said of Doris? What v/as it
called ? 6. What were the Dorians ? To what countries did they send
colonies, &c.? 7. Describe Boeotia. What is said of the inhabitants?
What individuals were Breotians ? 8. What did Boeotia comprise in early
times? What is said of Cadmus? What occurred after the death of
Xanthian ? What is said of Epaminondas and Pelopidas ? 9. Describe
the city of Thebes? Who were natives of it? What did Alexander do?
10. Describe Orchomenus. What is said of Chaeronea? 11. Of Plataea?

GRLECE. 87

12. At Au'lis the Greek fleet were detained, previous to the siege of Troy,
by contrary winds. De'lium was noted for the defeat of the Athenians by
the Boso'tians : it was in this battle that Soc'rates saved the life of Xen'ophon.
Tan'agra was the birthplace of the poetess Corin'na : it was famed for its
breed of fighting-cocks : the Athenians were here worsted by the Spartans,
prior to the Peloponne'sian war. This'be was noted for its abundance of
wild pigeons.

MEG'ARIS.

13. Meg'aris lay between At'tica and Corin'thia. It was long
attached to Athens ; but was at length taken by a Peloponne'sian
army, and was then obliged to side with Sparta. Though pos-
sessing but an inconsiderable force, the rivalry of the larger States
enabled the Megare'ans to live long in peace.

14. Meg'ara, the chief city, was nearly equidistant from Corinth and
Athens, and possessed, at one time, considerable splendour. The Megar'ic
school of philosophy was founded here by Eu'clid, a disciple of Soc'rates,
who, when the Athenians had forbidden the Megare'ans, on pain of death,
to enter their city, travelled thither by night, disguised in women's clothes,
that he might attend the lectures of his master.

Map No. 3. — Point out Doris. Phocis. Bceotia. Megaris. What
mountains north of Doris ? North of Phocis ? What gulf south of Phocis
and Boeotia ? What strait east of Bceotia ? What gulf south of Megaris ?
Point out Mount Parnassus. Mount Helicon. Mount Cithoeron. Mount
Parnes. Which is the highest of the first three ? On what river is Orcho-
menus? Cheeronea? Tanagra? On what- strait is Delium ? Aulis?
Anthedon ? When were battles fought at Chaeronea ? Coronse ? Leuctra ?
Plataea ? Tanagra ? Delium ?

35

AT'TICA.

1. AT'TICA was the easternmost district of Hel'las, or Greece
Proper : it was hardly equal in dimensions to a moderate-sized
county, yet it has eclipsed the glory of the greatest kingdoms. The
inhabitants became the most eminent of the Greeks ; their genius
was acute, and their wit was delicate and poignant ; the latter was
so distinguished and peculiar that it was proverbially called "Attic
salt."

Leuctra ? Thespiae ? Ascra ? 12. What occurred at Aulis ? At Delium ?
What is said of Tanagra ? Thisbe ? 1 3. What is said of Megaris ? What
was the effect of the rivalry of the larger States ? 14. Describe the chief
city. By whom was the Megaric school of philosophy founded ? What
is said of Euclid ?

Q. 1. What is said of Attica ? Of the inhabitants ? Of their genius and
wit? What was the latter proverbially called? 2. What is said of the

88 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

2. The territory of At'tica was not fertile in grain, and was never able to
furnish a supply for the inhabitants : the deficiency was usually imported
from Eubre'a and Thrace. Figs and olives were produced in abundance.
The oil of the latter was, with the ancients, the chief substitute for butter.
The wool was noted for its fineness, and the skill with which it was dyed
of the most beautiful colours. Mount Hymet'tus was famous for its honey ;
Lau'rium for its silver mines ; and Mount Pentel'icus for the fine marble
which it furnished to the citizens of Athens.

3. The people of At'tica boasted of their ancient and unmingled descent:
they believed that they sprung from the soil on which they lived, and that
they originated with the sun. The first known inhabitants were rude bar-
barians. Ce'crops, who arrived from Egypt 1550 B. C., introduced the ele-
ments of civilization ; he taught them a better mode of living ; instructed
them in the cultivation of grain ; planted the olive tree, and established
wholesome laws.

4. They were long governed by kings, of whom Co'drus was the last :
after his death royalty was abolished, and archons were appointed, whose
power was at first perpetual, then decennial, and lastly, annual. At'tica
was, in early times, divided into four tribes, which were afterwards increased
to ten, and then to twelve, each having its own chief. In its prosperous
days it was, for its extent, densely peopled : the population is supposed to
have been about 550,000, of whom 400,000 were slaves.

5. ATHENS, the capital of At'tica, was the most important and
splendid city of Greece. It was called, by the ancients, the eye
of Greece, and also of the civilized world. It was the great seat
of learning and the arts, and was the birth-place of the most eminent
orators, philosophers, and artists of antiquity. .Athens was founded
by Ce'crops, and received, after him, the name of Cecro'pia ; sub-
sequently it was called Athens. It lay east of the Saron'ic Gulf,
and between the small rivers Cephis'sus and Ilis'sus : at the time
of its greatest extent it is supposed to have been five or six miles
in circuit, and to have contained 130,000 inhabitants.

6. It consisted of two divisions, the Acrop'olis and the Catop'

The Acropolis.

erritory of Attica ? What was produced in abundance ? For what waa
Mount Hymettus famous ? Laurium ? Mount Pentelicus ? 3. Of what
did the people of Attica boast? What did they believe? What were the
first inhabitants ? 4. What is said of Cecrops ? Of the government of
Attica ? How was Attica divided ? What was the amount of population 7
5. Describe Athens. By whom was it founded ? Describe its position. Ex-
tent. Population. 6. Describe its divisions, &c. Its harbours.

GREECE. a<*

oils, or the upper and lower city, and was distant five miles from
the sea. The Pira?'us, Munych ia and Phale'rus were harbours,
connected with the city by walls of great strength and extent,
called the long walls ; they were 80 feet high, and so broad that
carriages could pass each other on their summits. The first-
named harbour was considered the most convenient, and was one
of the emporiums of Grecian commerce.

7. The Acrop'olis, or citadel, was built on the top of a rock that was
three-fourths of a mile in circuit ; it was accessible only on one side, and
contained a number of buildings, some of them the most splendid of which
Athens could boast. The chief ornament was the Par'thenon, or Temple of
Minerva, a structure which, even in ruins, has been the admiration of the
world, and has served as the model of many of the finest buildings both in
the old and the new world. It was erected by Per'icles, during the classic
age of Athens, of the finest white marble, encompassed with fluted columns
of the Doric order, and embellished with the sculpture of Phid'ias.

8. The Temple of Jupiter Olympius was the pride of the lower city. Itwas
from time to time enlarged and beautified, and was, at length, finished by
the emperor A'drian, 700 years after its commencement. It was 400 feet in
length, and 171 in front, and was adorned by 124 fluted columns, 60 feet
high, and 6 feet in diameter.

Temple of Theseus in its present state.

9. The Pan'theon, the O'deon, the Prytane'um, the Pceci'le Stoa, or gal.
lery of paintings, in which were the schools of the Stoics, and the Academy
and the Lyce'um, two other celebrated schools of philosophy, were a few,
among the numerous objects of interest in Athens. The Temple of The'-
ecus somewhat resembled the Pan'theon, and is, perhaps, as to its outline,
the most entire of the Greek edifices remaining in Athens.

10. Northwest of Athens lay Eleu'sis, celebrated for its religious myste-

walls. The first named harbour. 7. Describe the Acropolis, The Par-
thenon. By whom was it erected, &c. ? 8. What is said of the Temple of
Jupiter Olympius? By whom was it finished? By what was it adorned?
Describe its extent. 9. What were some of the objects of interest in
Athens? What is said of the Temple of Theseus? 10. Of Eleusis?

8*

90 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

ries, which were considered so awful, that any one of the initiated who
divulged them, was put to death. Mar'athon, which lay at the base of
Mount Pentel'icus, and 20 miles from Athens, is famed for the brilliant
victory gained by Milti'ades. Here, 11,000 Greeks defeated 110,000 Per-
sians. A soldier ran from the field of battle to carry the news to Athens,
but was so exhausted when he reached the city, that, having uttered the
words. " rejoice, we are victors," he fell down and expired.

11. On the coast, opposite to Euboa'a, was Rham'nus, celebrated for a
temple of Nem'esis, in which was a statue of the goddess made out of a
block of Pa'rian marble that the Persians intended as a pillar to be erected
to commemorate the expected victory over the Greeks. Lau'rium, near the
promontory of Su'nium, was celebrated for its silver mines ; Panor'mua
was the chief harbour of Athens on the east shore.

The Fleet of Xerxes defeated by the Greeks at Salamis.

12. The narrow strait on the east side of the Island of Sal'amis was the
scene of the greatest naval battle of ancient times. The Greeks had 380,
and the Persians 2000 ships ; the former lost 40 vessels, and the latter 200,
but nearly all the remainder, soon afterwards, fell into the hands of the
Greeks. Xerx'es, seated on a rich throne, viewed the conflict from the ad-
jacent coast of At'tica, and saw, with mingled rage and anguish, the defeat
of his numerous fleet.

Map No. 3.— What district bounded Attica on the north ? On the west ?
What gulf on the southwest? What strait on the east? E. Point out
Athens. Piraeus. Phalerus. Munyehia. On what gulf did these three
towns lie ? What two islands lay west of Attica ? What large island lay
partly east ? In what direction from Athens is Mount Hymettus ? Mount
Pentelicus ? Mount Parnes ? Mount Cithaeron ? What is the southern
point of Attica ? Between what rivers does Athens stand ? When was the
battle of Marathon fought ? The battle of Salamis ?

Marathon ? What occurred here ? 11. What is said o'' Rhamnus ? Of
the statue of the goddess Nemesis? Laurium? Panormus? 12. What
took place near Salamis ? How many ships were engaged in it ? What
was the result ? What is said of Xerxes ?

GREECE. 91

36

THE PELOPONNE'SUS.

1. THE PELOPONNE'SUS, the most southern division of Greece,
is a peninsula, about equal in area to the State of Massachusetts.
It is a mountainous country, watered with numerous streams, and
its coasts are indented with several deep inlets. The modern
name, More'a, is said to be derived from the resemblance of its
outline to a mulberry leaf.

2. It was at first called A'pia, and afterwards, Pelas'gia, from
the Pelas'gians. The term Peloponne'sus (island of Pe'lops) was
derived from Pe'lops, a Phryg'ian prince, who married a daughter
of a king of Pi'sa in E'lis, and, becoming his successor, conquered
a considerable part of the peninsula.

3. The isthmus of Corinth, which unites the Peloponne'sus to Hel'las,
was an important pass, and formed a barrier against foreign invasion.
Small vessels were often drawn over it, from one gulf to the other, and
various attempts were made by Deme'trius, Caesar, Nero, and others, but
always wkhout success, to construct a canal across it : hence, to cut through
the Corin'thian isthmus has long been a proverbial expression for aiming at
an impossibility.

4. The chief products of the Peloponne'sus were corn, wine, and oil. The
inhabitants were among the most renowned of the Greeks, and acted an
important part in all their national affairs. The population, when most
numerous, is supposed to have amounted to about a million. The chief
divisions were Acha'ia, Ar'golis, E'lis, Arca'dia, Messe'nia and Laco'nia :
Sicyo'nia and Corin'thia were generally included in Acha'ia.

\
ACHA'IA.

5. ACHA'IA comprised the most northern part of the Peloponne'-
sus ; it was at first called Egi'alus, subsequently, lo'nia, and then
Acha'ia. At the siege of Troy the Achse'ans were the most nume-
rous and powerful of the Greek tribes engaged.

6. The famous Achee'an league was formed about the year 287 B. C., by
the union of all the Achae'an cities, and also by the States of Cor'inth, Sic'-
yon, Ar'golis, Laco'nia, Arca'dia, Meg'aris, and others. Tins confederacy
became formidable to the adjoining nations, as well as to the Romans, by
whom, on the capture of Cor'inth, it was dissolved, after an existence of 130

Q. 1. What was the Peloponnesus? What is said of its extent, &c. ?
Describe the country. What is said of the modern name ? 2. Of its an
cient name ? How was the term Peloponnesus derived, &.c. ? 3. What is
said of the isthmus of Corinth? What attempts were made by Demetrius
and others ? What was deemed an impossibility ? 4. What were the
chief products ? What is said of the inhabitants ? The population ? Name
the chief divisions. 5. What is said of Achaia ? 6. Of the Achaean league ?
What cities and States were included in it ? What did it become ? When

92 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

years. When annexed to Rome, the Peloponne'sus and Hel'las were formed
into the province of Acha'ia.

7. The most important towns of Acha'ia were Pelle'ne, ^Egi'ra, -
Pa'tr®, D/me, Pha'rce and Tritse'a. Pelle'ne was famous for its wool:
cloaks made of it were given as prizes to the riders at the gymnastic games,
held here in honour of Mercury. JSgi'ra was called, at first, Hypere'sia ; but
received the former name from the circumstance of its inhabitants tying
lighted faggots to the horns of some goats, and thus protecting themselves
against the attacks of an enemy.

8. At JE'g'mm the States of Acha'ia held their public meetings ; hither,
also, Agamem'non assembled all the Greek chiefs, prior to the Trojan war.
Pa'troB was an important town ; it suffered severely in the Roman wars :
after the battle of Ac'tium, Augustus settled a number of veterans in it, and
made it a Roman colony. Pha'rae possessed an extensive forum, with an
image of Mercury, and, near it, an oracle of the god. Dy'me, with the
adjacent country, was frequently laid waste during the Social War.

S I C Y 0 ' N I A .

9. SICYO'NIA. was one of the smallest, and it was also one of the
most ancient of the Greek States. For a time it was subject to
Argos, but it was usually reckoned as a part of Acha'ia. About
the years 240 to 220 B. C., Ara'tus, an able commander, raised
Sicyo'nia to considerable power and distinction, but, after his death,
it became of little importance.

10., Sic'yon, the capital, was founded more than 2000 years B. C. It was
once the first school of painting in Greece ; several noted artists were natives,
among whom was Lysip'pus. The inhabitants were luxurious and effemi-
nate, and hence the proverb, " Sicyonii calcei," used in reference to effemi-
nate gayety. The almonds of Sic'yon were noted ; also a kind of shoes
worn by the voluptuous and delicate.

CORIN'THIA.

11. CORIN'THIA occupied the narrow isthmus which joined the
Peloponne'sus to the main land; its territory was one of the
smallest in Greece ; but commerce rendered it rich and powerful.

12. Cor'inth, the capital, was one of the most splendid, but, at the same
time, most voluptuous cities of Greece. It received the epithet Bim'aris,
from being situated between two seas or gulfs. In its vicinity the Isth'mian
games were celebrated, in honour of Neptune, every five years. This city
maintained its rank until it was captured and destroyed by the Roman
consul Mum'mius, 146 years B. C. Julius Csesar rebuilt it, and it became,
afterwards, the metropolis of the Roman province of Acha'ia.

was it dissolved ? What did the Peloponnesus, &c. form ? 7. Name the
most important towns of Achaia. What is said of Pellene ? ^Egira?
8. jEgium ? Patrse ? Pharae ? Dyme ? 9. Describe Sicyonia. What is
said of Aratus ? 10. What is said of Sicyon ? Of the inhabitants, &c. ?
11. What did Corinthia occupy ? What is said of its territory ? 12. Of Cor-
inth ? What epithet did it receive ? What were celebrated in its vicinj'y ?
What is said of its capture ? Julius Caesar, &c. ?

GREECE.

The Acro-Corinthus, with modern Corinth.

13. Cor'inth had two ports, Lechae'um, on the Corinthian, and Cenchrse'a,
on the Saron'ic gulf; they were always crowded with shipping ; the city
stood at the base of a hill 2100 feet high ; on the summit was the Acro-Co-
rinthus, the strongest fortress in Greece ; the view from hence is one of the
finest in the world — the peaks of Helicon and Parnas'sus, and the Acrop'-
olis of Athens are visible in the distance. Cor'inth is now a mere village.

Map No. 3. — What bounds the Peloponnesus on the north ? What sea
west? East? What gulf east? Into what sea does the Peneus river
flow? TheAlpheus? TheNeda? Into what gulf does the Pamisus river
flow ? The Eurotas ? What gulf bounded Achaia on the north ? What
districts south ? What district east? What rivers in Achaia flow into the
gulf of Corinth ? What gulf north of Sicyonia? What districts south?
What district east? West? What gulf north of Corinth ? South? On
what gulf is Lechaeum ? Cenchrrea ? What mountains south of Achaia ?
Point out Pellene. Sicyon. Corinth. The other towns mentioned in the
text

AR'GOLIS AND LACO'NIA.

1 . AR'GOLIS occupied the most eastern part of the Peloponne'-
sus : it was a rich, fertile district, and was settled and cultivated at
an early period. In'achus, about the year 1800, and Dan'aus,
about the year 1500 B. C., came hither with colonists from Egypt.
In remote times it was governed by one monarch ; subsequently
it was divided into several small kingdoms, all of which after-
wards became free States. The inhabitants were called Ar'gives,
or Argi'vi.

1 3. What is said of the ports of Corinth ? Describe the position of the city.
What is said of Acro-Corinthus ? What is Corinth at this time ?

Q. 1. Describe Argolis. What is said of Inachus ? Of Danaus? Of

34 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

2. Epidau'rus, one of the chief towns, stood on the coast of the Saron'ic
gulf; near it was a renowned temple of Escula'pius, much visited by the
sick. It was celebrated for its vines and its fine breed of horses. In the
vicinity was Mount Arachnfle'us, the last station of the telegraphic fire by
which the capture of Troy was announced at Myce'nae, the same night it
was taken. Not far distant was the peninsula of Meth'anae, noted for ita
hot springs ; near it was Troeze'ne, the birth-place of The'seus.

3. Myce'nse was the royal city of Agamem'rion, the commander of the
Greeks at Troy : it was at that time the chief city in Ar'golis, and superior
to Ar'gos. The inhabitants of the latter captured and destroyed it more
than 2000 years ago. Its ruins are in nearly the same state as when de-
scribed by ancient authors. Nem'ea had near it a grove where Her'cules
slew the Nem'ean lion, in honour of which exploit the Nem'ean games were
celebrated there every three years.

4. Ar'gos, the chief city of Ar'golis, was one of the oldest cities in Greece
it was strongly fortified, and was defended by two citadels. Some of the most
skilful sculptors of antiquity were natives of this city, and music was ardently
cultivated. At Thyrse'a a battle was fought between 300 Ar'gives and as
many Spartans, in which one of the latter was the only survivor. Nau'plia
was the port of Ar'gos, and the naval station of the Ar'gives, Ti'ryns was
celebrated as the early residence of Her'cules.

5. The island of JEgi'na, lay east of Ar'golis ; though of small extent, it
became an independent State : it was noted for its ships and its commerce,
and was, at one time, the emporium of Greece. ./Egi'na was the rival of
Athens, at sea ; its warriors were the most distinguished of the Greek allies
at the battle of Sal'amis, and obtained the prize of valour. The ^Egine'tan
marbles are noted pieces of Doric sculpture, taken from the temple of Ju-
piter Panhelli'nus by some English and German artists about the year 1811.
South of jEgi'na was the island of Calau'ria, where Demos' thenes poisoned
himself, to escape the persecutions of Anlip'ater.

LACO'NIA.

6. LACO'NIA, LACEDJE'MON, or SPARTA, was the largest of the
Peloponne'sian States ; it was a rugged, barren country, and diffi-
cult of culture. Its inhabitants were renowned for their bravery
and love of liberty ; they were forbidden to exercise any mechani-
cal arts or trades, which, together with the labours of agriculture,
devolved on the He'lots or slaves.

7. The austere education introduced by Lycur'gus about the year 880
B. C., rendered the Spartans ambitious of glory, fearful of dishonour, and
undaunted in battle ; and to its influence the achievements of Leon'idas at
Thermop'ylse, and Pausa'nias at Platae'a, are to be attributed. Obedience to

Pelops ? How was it divided in remote times ? What were the inhabitants
called ? 2. What is said of Epidaurus ? Mount Arachnajus ? Of Me-
thanae? Troezene? 3. Mycenae? Nemea? 4. Argos, &c.? What oc-
curred at Thyreea ? What is said of Nauplia ? Of Tiryns ? 5. Describe
the island of jEgina. What power did it rival ? What is said of its war-
riors ? Of the jflEginetan marbles ? 6. Describe Laconia, Lacedasmon, or
Sparta. What is said of the inhabitants ? What devolved on the Helots *
7. What is said of the education introduced by Lycurgus ? Of obedience.

GREECE. 95

superior^ and the endurance of hardship, were rigorously inculcated. To
inure the youth to hunger, they receive.d but little food ; if they wanted
more, they were obliged to steal it, and, if discovered, they were punished,
not for the theft, but for their awkwardness.

8. At the annual festival of Dia'na Or'thia, to enable them to bear pain,
they were severely whipped ; their fathers stood by, exhorting them to forti-
tude, and the youths endeavoured to surpass each other in firmness. Who-
ever uttered the least cry was considered to be disgraced. The art of swim-
ming the Spartans thought very important, and the greatest reproach that
could be bestowed on a man, was to say, u he can't even swim." Conciseness
of language was much studied, and the term " laconic" has been long used
to signify a short, pithy manner of speaking.

9. The Spartans exercised, for a period of 500 years, a powerful influence
over the affairs of Greece. Their constant disputes with the Athenians
involved all the other States, and produced a series of wars, in which they
finally became predominant ; but, intoxicated by the dominion they had
gained, and corrupted by luxury, they departed from their ancient disci-
pline, and lost their ascendancy.

10. The chief city of Laco'nia was Sparta; it stood on the Euro'tas, the
most beautiful and limpid of all the Grecian streams. At the time of its
greatest extent, it was about six miles in circuit ; but it was never equal in
splendour to some of the other Grecian cities. It remained long without
walls — the Spartans believing that a city's best defence lay in the valour of
its citizens. It was, at length, regularly and strongly fortified.

11. Gyth'ium, the port of Sparta, was a town of great strength. A short
distance east of it was He'los, the inhabitants of which were reduced to
slavery by the Lacedaemo'njans, whence their slaves were called He'lots. At
Sella'sia, the Spartan monarch Cleom'enes III. was defeated by Antig'onus
Doson, king of Macedonia, B. C. 224. Therap'ne was sacred to Apollo.

12. South of Sparta was Amyc'lse, one of the most ancient towns in La-
co'nia. Zarex and Epide'lium lay on the eastern coast. Boe'a stood not far
from the island called Onigna'thos (the Asses Jaw). Messa and Caenop'olis
lay on the gulf of Messe'nia : the latter, called also Tffina'rium, was noted
for its beautiful green marble. Ma'lea promontory or cape was the south-
east extremity of the Peloponne'sus ; and Tsena'rium promontory the most
southern. Near the latter was a cave, said to be the entrance to Pluto's
dominions, by which Hercules dragged Cer'berus to the upper regions.

Map No. 3. — What sea lay southeast of Argolis and Laconia ? What
gulf east of Argolis ? South ? Northeast of Laconia ? South ? What
islands south ? What islands on the coast of Argolis ? What districts
north of Argolis ? What district west ? North of Laconia ? West ?
What mountains in Argolis ? In Laconia ? What promontory formed the
southeastern extremity of Laconia ? The southwestern ? On what river
was the city of Sparta ? Argos ? Point out the other towns mentioned in
the text. When was a battle fought at Sellasia ?

&c. ? How were the youth treated ? What was done, if discovered ? 8
What occurred at the festival of Diana Orthia ? What is said of the art of
swimming? Conciseness of language, &c. ? 9. What did the Spartans
exercise for 500 years ? What is said of their constant disputes ? What
was the result ? 10. Describe the city of Sparta? What did the Spartans
believe ? 11. What is said of Gythium ? Helos ? Sellasia ? Therapne 1
12. Amycloe and the other towns ? What is said of Malea and Tsenarium
promontory ? Of a cave near the latter ?

96 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

E'LIS, MESSE'NIA, AND ARCA'DIA.

1. E'LIS or E'LEA was the most fertile district in the Peloponne'-
sus ; it was watered by the Alphe'us, the Pene'us,and other streams.
The inhabitants were much engaged in agriculture and rural
pursuits. The name of this district was derived from E'leus, one
of its first monarchs. Salmo'neus, another of its kings, was killed
by Jupiter for attempting to imitate thunder and lightning.

2. E'lis was considered the holy land of Greece* The Olyin -
plan, the most ancient and solemn of the national festivals, was cele-
brated here. In early times, when warlike bands traversed the
country, they delivered up their arms on entering it, and received
them again when they quitted the frontier. Subsequently, how-
ever,; its territory was as little respected as that of any of the other
States.

3. Olym'pia, the most renowned city of E'lis, lay on the river Alphe'us, a
short distance from the sea : here the Olym'pian games were held every
fourth year, and here the great temple of Jupiter was built by the Eleans,
but at the expense of all the other Greek States ; hence it was considered as
a national structure. It rivalled the Pantheon, in extent, and surpassed it
in grandeur : within it was placed the colossal statue of the Olym'pian
Jupiter, considered one of the wonders of the world ; it was sixty feet high,
carved by Phidias, and was acknowledged to be the most perfect piece of
sculpture that ever existed. There were several other temples, besides many
monuments and statues, erected in honour of deities, heroes, and victors at
the games.

4. The city of E'lis stood on the banks of the E'lean Pene'us, (so called to
distinguish it from the river Pene'us in Thessaly,) about twelve miles from
the sea ; it consisted, at first, of several detached villages, which were after
wards united, and became the metropolis. The port of E'lis was Cylle'ne.
Here the Pelas'gi sailed on their expedition to Italy. Near to E'lis stood
the ancient city of Py'los : Nestor, one of the most renowned Grecian heroes
of the Trojan war, was king of Py'los, but as there were three cities of that
name in the Peloponne'sus, it is uncertain at which of them lie reigned.

5. In the vicinity was Bupra'sium ; it was surrounded by a fruitful and
well-cultivated district. Scil'lus was the dwelling-place of Xen'ophon : here
he wrote nearly all his works. Not far from Olym'pia was the city of Pi'sa ;
its inhabitants long enjoyed the privilege of presiding at the Olym'pian
games; but the people of E'lis envied them that distinction, and made war
upon them ; took their city and utterly demolished it.

Q. 1. Describe Elis. What is said of the inhabitants ? From whom was
the name derived ? What is said of Salmoneus ? 2. What was Elis con-
sidered ? What was held here ? What is said of early times ? 3. Describe
Olympia. What is said of the great temple, &c. ? How did it compare
with the Pantheon ? What was placed within it ? Describe the statue, &c.
4. Describe the city of Elis. The port of Elis. What is said of Pylos ?
Of Nestor ? 5. Of Buprasium ? Scillus ? Pisa ? G. Describe Mesaenia.

GREECE. 97

MESSE'NIA.

6. MESSE'NIA was the southwestern division of the Peloponne'-
sus. It was in some parts mountainous, but abounded in rich and
well-watered plains, furnishing excellent pasturage : hence its
possession was coveted by the Spartans ; and this circumstance
gave rise to three obstinate wars between the two nations, in which
the Messe'nians were at length subdued, and obliged to leave their
country. Their descendants, however, in consequence of the
change of circumstances produced by the victory at Leuc'tra, re-
turned, about a century afterwards.

7. Messe'ne, the chief town, was founded by Epaminon'das shortly after
the battle of Leuc'tra, with such zeal and activity, that its fortifications and
chief edifices were completed in 85 days. Itho'me was the citadel of Mes-
se'ne; it and the Acro-Corin'thus were the two strongest places in the
Peloponne'sus. I'ra, a mountain-fortress, was famous for maintaining a
siege against the Lacedsemo'nians for eleven years.

8. Metho'ne was an ancient city, which received its name from Metho'ne,
daughter of -^Ene'as. In the time of the Romans it was taken by Agrippa,
when in command of a Roman fleet : he found here Boc'chus, king of Mauri-
ta'nia, and put him to death as a partisan of Marc Antony. Trajan parti cu-
larly favoured this city, and bestowed several privileges on the inhabitants.

9. Corypha'sium and Py'los lay in a fine harbour, now the gulf of Nava-
ri'no. It was the scene of a naval conflict between the Athe'nians and
Spartans ; and, in our own times, the great naval victory which secured
independence to the modern Greeks, was gained here. Py'los is supposed to
have been the capital of Nestor's kingdom, though the honour was disputed
by two other towns. Phe'roe stood at the head of the gulf of Messe'nia ;
Stenycla'rus lay on the Pamis'sus river ; in the vicinity was the Campus
Stenycla'rus, in which the Spar'tans were twice defeated by the Messe'nians.
Cyparis'sa gave its name to the gulf on which it stood, and also to the adja-
cent promontory.

ARCA'DI A.

10. ARCA'DIA, so renowned in poetry, occupied the interior dis-
trict of the Peloponne'sus, and was enclosed on every side by the
adjacent States. Being elevated and mountainous, it was well
adapted to pasturage, and was consecrated by the ancients to Pan,
the god of shepherds. The inhabitants were devoted to a pastoral
life ; they were strongly attached to liberty, and were noted for
their love of music.

What gave rise to three wars between the Spartans and Messenians?
What was the result? What occurred about a century afterwards?
7. What is said of Messene ? Of Ithome ? Ira ? 8. What is said of Me-
thone ? What occurred in the time of the Romans ? What is said of Tra-
jan? 9. Of Coryphasium and Pylos? What occurred in our own times ?
What is said of Pylos ? Pherse ? Stenyclarus ? Cyparissa ? 10. What
is said of Arcadia ? For what was it well adapted ? To what god was it
consecrated ? What is said of the inhabitants ?
9 G

96

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

11. Arca'dia never contained any great cities, and it was long before
towns began to be erected ; among the latter was Cli'tor, remarkable for a
fountain whose waters gave those who drank them a distaste for wine ; it
stood on a stream of the same name, the fish of which are stated to have
sung like thrushes. Orchom'enus was an ancient town ; it sent 120 sol-
diers to Thermop'ylse, and 600 to Platae'a. Herae'a was a city of some
importance, the possession of which was frequently contested by the E'le-
ans and Arca'dians. Gor'tys or Gorty'na was celebrated for a beautiful
temple dedicated to Escula'pius. At Mantine'a, Epaminon'das, the noted
Theban general, gained a victory over the Lacedaemo'nians, in which he
lost his life.

12. Megalop'olis, the largest Arca'dian city, was founded by the advice
of Epaminon'das after the battle of Leuc'tra ; it was the birth-place of Philo-
pae'men, and Polyb'ius, the historian. At Te'gea the gigantic bones of

Ores'tes were found bu-
ried: the celebrated Ata-
lan'ta was a native of this
place : it was famed for a
temple of Miner'va, the
most splendid in the Pelo-
ponne'sus.

13. Pallan'tium was the
city ofEvan'der. AtPhi-
ga'lia was a beautiful tern-
pie of Apollo Epicu'rius :
it still exists, though much
dilapidated : some beauti-
Teraple of Apollo Epicurius. fuj pieces of sculpture,

taken from it, are in the British Museum, and are called the Phiga'lian

Marbles.

Map No. 3. — What sea lay west of Elis and Messenia ? What gulfs on
the west ? What promontories or capes ? What islands ? What rivers
flowed through Elis, Messenia, and Arcadia ? What gulf south of Messe-
nia? What river flowed into it? What mountain lay north of Elis?
North of Arcadia ? Between Messenia and Laconia ? In the southern
part of Messenia ? Point out the towns mentioned in the text, in Elis. In
Messenia. In Arcadia. When was the battle of Mantinea fought ? What
is the height of the Taygetus mountains ? Of the Cyllene ? The length of
the Alpheus river ?

THE GREEK ISLANDS.

I. THE islands attached to Greece comprised several groups,
the greater part of which lay in the JEge'wci sea. They were first

II. What is said of the cities and towns ? For what was Clitor remark-
able? What is said of the stream of the same name? Of Orchomenus?
Heraea ? Gortys ? Mantinea ? 12. What is said of Megalopolis ? What
was found at Tegea ? Who was a native of that place ? For what was
it famed ? 13. What is said of Pallantium ? The temple of Phigalia ?

Q. 1. What is said of the Greek islands ? By whom were they firal

GREECE. 99

peopled by the Phoenicians, Ca'rians and Pelas'gians, afterwards
they were occupied by the Helle'nes, and, until Athens established
her sovereignty over the seas, each consisted of one or more free
States. The Romans, in the time of Vespa'sian, formed them all
into one province.

2. CRE'TA or CRE'TE was the largest Greek island, and was sur-
named Hecatom'polis, from its hundred cities ; it was noted as the
birth-place of Ju'piter, and for the wise laws which the renowned
Mi'nos established. In the centre stood Mount Fda, where Ju'piter
was nursed. The principal city was Gnos'sus, or Gno'sus, where
Mi'nos reigned, and where, it is supposed, the celebrated labyrinth
was constructed. The other cities were Lyc'tos, Gorty'na and
Cydo'nia.

2. The Cre'tans were skilful archers, and hired themselves to any State
that needed mercenary soldiers. In the earlier period of their existence,
they were a wise and just people, but they degenerated so far as to be
charged with the grossest vices. St. Paul quotes one of their own poets, in
evidence of their bad character.

4. EUBCE'A was next to Cre'te, in extent ; it was separated from the main
land by the strait Euri'pus, which was said to ebb and flow seven times
each day and each night. It was a rich and fertile island, and the Athe-
nians drew their chief supplies from it. The principal towns were Chal'cis
and Ere'tria ; the first was joined to Bceo'tia by a fortified bridge.

5. O'reus was noted for its vines ; near it the battle of Artemisi'um was
fought, in which the Greeks defeated the fleet of Xerx'es, at the same time
that his army was repulsed at Thermopylae. ^E'ga, Cerin'thus and Carye'-
tus, were also towns in Eubce'a ; the latter was rioted for its beautiful green
marble ; near it, at Caphare'um promontory, the Greek fleet was wrecked,
on its return from Troy.

6. The THRACIAN ISLANDS, Tha'sos, Samothra'ce, Im'bros and Lemnos, lay
m the northern part of the JSge'an sea. Tha'sos was noted for its wine and
its marble. Samothra'ce was called after the island of Sa'mos, to which the
epithet, Thrace, was added by way of distinction. The worship of Cyb'ele
originated here ; whence the island was regarded as sacred, and became
an asylum for criminals. Irn'bros was consecrated to Ce'res and Mer'cury,
and to the deities called Cabi'ri.

7. Lem'nos was called Diop'olis from its two towns, Hephses'tia and
Myri'na; in the forum of the latter was the famous statue of the ox, made
by My'ron, on which the ancients affirm Mount A'thos, 45 miles distant,
threw its shadow, at the time of the winter solstice. This island contained
a volcano fabled to be the workshop of Vulcan. Here the women once
massacred all the male inhabitants : certain Pelas'gians, also, murdered

ome women and children which they had carried away from Attica. From

peopled ? By what people were they afterwards occupied ? Of what did
each consist ? Into what did the Romans form them ? 2. Describe Crete.
Name the principal cities. 3. What is said of the Cretans ? 4. Of Eubcea ?
Name the principal towns. 5. What is said of Oreus? What took place
near it? What is said of ^Ega, &c. ? 6. Which were the Thracian
islands ? What is said of Thasos ? Samothrace ? 7. Lemnos ? What

100 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

these atrocities, the Greeks gave the epithet " Lem'nian" to any horrible
murder.

8. The THESSA'LIAN ISLANDS were Halonne'sus, Scy'athus, Scop'elos, Pre-
pare'thus and Scy'ros. The women of Halonne'sus are said to have repelled
alone an invasion after all the men were slain. Prepare'thus was celebrated
for its wines and olives. Scy'ros was the country of the king Lycome'-
des : here Achil'les disguised himself in the habit of a girl, to escape going
to the Trojan war.

9. The CYC'LADES lay southeast of Attica, and received their name be
cause they surrounded De'los as with a circle. They were noted for theu
fine marble, and the excellence of their wines, the reputation of which is not
yet entirely lost. De'los, though one of the smallest islands, was the most
distinguished of the whole group. It was famed for its temple and altar of
Apollo, and as the birth-place of Apollo and Diana. It is said to have floated
about, under the surface of the sea, until made to appear and stand firm by
order of Neptune.

10. De'los was a place of great sanctity, and was famed all over the
ancient world ; even the Hyperbo'reans sent offerings to its temple. It was
noted for the skill of its artists, the fineness of its silver, and the excellence
of its bronze. Nax'os was sacred to Bacchus. Pa'ros was celebrated for its
marble, and also as the birth-place of the renowned sculptor Praxit'eles.

11. The inhabitants of Myc'onos, who were avaricious and rapacious, lost
their hair at an early age : hence the epithet " Myco'nion" was proverbially
applied to a bald person. Te'nos was noted for the number of its springs ;
the waters of one of which would not mix with wine. The giants who had
been conquered by Hercules, were said to lie buried under the island.
Nax'os, the largest and most fertile of the Cyc'lades, is about 60 miles in
circuit. It was sacred to Bacchus, who was said to have been born there.
Nax'os had a city of the same name.

12. An'dros was fertile and well cultivated. The inhabitants of Ce'os

were noted for their mo-
desty and sobriety, in oppo-
sition to the Chi'ans ; hence
the adage, "Ceus non Chi-
us," Ce'os is not Chi'os. Se-
ri'phus and Gy'arus were
used by the Romans as
places of banishment : on
the former, Cas'sius Seve'rus
died in exile. Cyth'nus was
noted for its cheese ; Oli'ar-
os or Anti-Paros for its grot-
t°, or rather, series of grot-
toes, the roof, the floor, and
the sides of which are en-
did this island contain ? 8. Which were the Thessalian islands ? What
did the women of Halonesus do ? What is said of Preparethus ? Scyros ?
9. Describe the Cyclades. 10. What is said of Delos? What is said of
the Hyperboreans ? For what was Delos distinguished ? What is said of
Naxos ? Paros ? 11. Of the inhabitants of Myconos ? For what was Tenos
noted ? WThat is said of the giants ? Of Naxos ? 12. Of Andros? The
inhabitants of Ceos ? For what purpose were Seriphus and Gyarus used ?
For what was Cythnus noted ? Oliaros ? For what was Melos memora
ble ? Name the principal islands.

GREECE. 101

tirely covered with a dazzling encrustation, as white as snow. Me'los was
memorable for the sufferings of its inhabitants for want of food, when be-
sieged by the Athenians, whence a " Mele'an famine" became a proverb.
The other principal islands were Cimo'las, Polyee'gos, Scy'ros and Rhene'a.

Map No. 2. — What islands lie north of Crete ? What island due east ?
What part of Asia Minor northeast ? To what part of the United States do
these islands correspond in latitude ? How long is Crete ? How wide ?
What mountains in Crete ? What mountain in the centre ? How high is
it ? Which is the most eastern promontory ? Western ? Southern ?
What islands on the coast of Crete ? Point out the cities named in the text

Map No. 3. — In what direction does Eubcea lie from Hellas ? What strait
separated it from Locris, Boeotia, and Attica ? What gulf separated it
from Thessaly ? What is the length of Euboea, by the scale ? The great,
est breadth ? The smallest ? The average ? What mountains in Euboaa?
What towns ? What islands lay northeast ? Southeast ? Point out the
Thracian islands. What towns in Thasos ? Saraothrace ? Imbros ?
Towns in Lemnos ? Point out the Thessalian islands. What distance, by
the scale, is the nearest from Thessaly ? The most distant ? Point out tho
Cyclades. What sea on the northwest ? Northeast ? South ? Which ia
the largest of the Cyclades ? The most northern ? Southern ? Eastern ?
Western ? What island lay west of Delos ? Northeast ?

40

THE GREEK ISLANDS— [CONTINUED.]

1. THE SPOR'ADES lay east and south of the Cyc'lades. They
received their name from being scattered or sown along the coast
of Asia Minor, and over the adjacent seas. Part of them were
included in Asia, and part in Europe. The principal of the Eu-
ropean islands were The'ra, Pholegan'dros, Sici'nus, I'os, Amor'-
gos, An'aphe, Astypala3'a,and Car'pathus.

2. The'ra was fabled to have been formed of a clod of earth thrown from
the ship Argo : Cyre'ne, in Africa, was settled by a colony from hence. I'os
was the burial-place of Homer ; his mother was a native of the island.
Amor'gos was the birth-place of the poet Simon'ides. Car'pathus gave
name to the Carpa'thian sea.

3. The SPOR'ADES belonging to Asia, were Ten'edos, Les'bos, Chi'os,
Sa'mos, Ica'ria, Patmos, Cos, Rhodes, and some smaller islands. Ten'edos
was sacred to Apollo : here the Greeks retired when they pretended to raise
the siege of Troy. Les'bos was famed for the noted writers to which it
gave birth, as well as for its wine. The inhabitants were celebrated for
their skill in music. Mityle'ne and Methym'na were the chief towns.
Farther to the south was Chi'os, whose wines were deemed the best in the
ancient world. It also contained quarries of excellent marble.

Q. 1. What is said of the Sporades ? The European islands ? 2. Of
Thera ? What colony was settled from thence ? What noted poet was
buried at los ? Who was born there ? At Amorgos ? To what did Car-
pathus give name ? 3. What were the Asiatic Sporades ? What is said
ofTenedos? For what was Lesbos famed? For what were the inhabit-
ants celebrated ? Name the chief towns. What island lay south ? What
9*

102 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

4. Sa'mos was sacred to Ju'no, and was the birth-place of the philosopher
Pythag'oras. Ica'ria gave name to the Ica'rian sea. In Pat'mos St. John
wrote the Revelation. Cos was the native place of the celebrated physician
Hippoc'rates, where a venerable plane-tree is still exhibited, under which he
is said to have lectured. Rhodes was celebrated for its raisins, oranges, and
roses ; also for its Colossus and its extensive commerce. Its maritime laws
were so esteemed, that they were adopted by the Romans, from whose code
some of them have been incorporated into the commercial regulations of
modern times.

5. The IO'NIAN ISLANDS lay in the lo'nian sea. In the prosperous timei
of Greece, each island formed a separate State. Alexander the Great, and
subsequently the Romans, conquered them ; afterwards, they formed a part
of the Byzan'tine empire. Corcy'ra, Leuca'dia, Ith'aca, Cephalle'nia, Za-
cyn'thus and Cythe'ra were the largest islands.

6. Corcy'ra was celebrated for its riches and fertility ; also for the ship-
wreck of Ulys'ses, and the gardens of Alciri'ous. Leuca'dia was at first a
peninsula, but was separated from the main land by the Corinthians, to
facilitate navigation. Leuca'te promontory was called the Lover's Leap :
here Sap'pho, the poetess, and other disappointed lovers, threw themselves
into the sea. Ith'aca was the birth-place of Ulys'ses.

7. Cephalle'nia, called anciently Sa'me, from its chief town, was less
fertile than the other islands. Zacyn'thus, with a capital of the same name,
was a productive island : it contained springs of bitumen, which are still
abundant. In Cythe'ra, Venus was received, when she rose from the sea ;
and hence that island was sacred to the goddess. It was famed for its fertility.

GREEK COLONIES.

8. THE Greeks, being a maritime people, established colonies
on the coasts of the Mediterranean, the Eux'ine, the Propon'tis, and
the Pa'lus Mseo'tis. These colonies were designed to extend com-
merce, rather than conquest : many of them became independent,
and some not only equalled, but even surpassed the parent States
in wealth and power.

9. The jEo'lian colonies of Asia Minor lay on the western coast, and in
the islands of Les'bos and Ten'edos. The lo'nians established themselves
on the coasts of Lyd'ia and Ca'ria, and in the islands of Sa'mos and Chi'os.
The Do'rians settled on the coast of Ca'ria, arid in the islands of Cos and
Rhodes.

10. The colonies on the Propon'tis, the Eux'ine and the Pa'lus Maeo'tis,
were established chiefly by the Mile'sians. On the Propon'tis were Lamp'-
sacus, Cyz'icus, Heracle'a, Byzan'tium and Chalce'don ; on the Euxine
were Heracle'a Pon'tica, Ami'sus, Trape'zus, Pha'sis, and Dioscu'rias : on

is said of it ? 4. What is said of Samos ? Of Icaria ? Patmos ? Of
whom was Cos the native place, &c. ? For what was Rhodes celebrated ?
What is said of its maritime laws? 5. Of the Ionian islands? By whom
were they conquered, &c. ? Name the largest islands. 6. What is said of
Corcyra? Leucadia ? Leucate promontory, &c.? 7. Of Cephallema?
Zacynthus ? Cythera ? 8. Where1 did the Greeks establish colonies ?
What is said of them ? 9. Of the ^Eolian colonies ? The lonians ? The
Dorians? 10. Where did the Milesians settle colonies? What colonies on
the Propontis? On the Euxine? Palus Maeotis? In Thrace? In

ITALY. 103

the Pa'lus Mseo'tis was Tan'ais. In the Chersone'sus Tau'rica were Cher-
sone'sus, Eupato'ria and Panticapoe'um ; and at the mouth of the Borys'-
thenes stood Olbia : the last two were important towns. In Thrace, Ses'tos,
Car'dia, JE'gos Pot'amos, Abde'ra and Marone'a ; and, in Macedo'nia, Am-
phip'olis, Chal'cis, Olyn'thus and Potidte'a, were the most important colo-
nies.

11. The Greek colonies of southern It'aly were- numerous and important;
hence that region received the name of Mag'na Grae'cia, or Great Greece ;
among these Taren'tum, Heracle'a and Brundu'sium were of Do'rian ; Syb'-
aris, Croto'na, Metapon'tum, Paes'tum, &c., of Achse'an ; and Rhe'gium,
E'lea, Neap'olis, &c., of lo'nian origin.

12. In Sicily, Messa'na, Syr'acuse, Hyb'la, Ge'la, Agrigen'tum, and other
flourishing cities, were founded by the Do'rians ; and Naxus, Cat 'ana, and
Him'era by the lo'nians. There were also Greek colonies in Cor'sica and
Sardin'ia j in Gaul, Massil'ia ; in Spain, Sagun'tum ; and in Africa, Cyre'ne.

Map No. 2. — Where is the island of Tenedds? Lesbos? Chios? Sa-
mos ? Icaria ? Patmos ? Calymna ? Cos ? Rhodes ? Which island was
the most northern of the Sporades ? The most eastern ? Near what part
of the coast of Asia Minor did each of these islands lie ? Which were the
five largest of the Sporades ?

Map No. 3. — Point out Thera. Pholegandros. Sicinus. los. Amor-
gos. Anaphe. Astypalsea. Carpathus. (The latter will be found in Map
No. 2.) What group lay 'immediately north of these islands? What sea
lay south? Point out Corcyra. Leucadia. Ithaca. Cephallenia. Zacyn-
thus. Cythera. Paxus Islands. The Strophades. (These were the islands
of the fabled Harpies.) Which was the most northern of the Ionian islands ?
The most southern ? What towns were in the Ionian islands ?

ITA'LIA, OR ITALY.

1. ITALY is one of the most celebrated countries in the world,
and still retains its ancient name and limits. Under the dominion
of the Romans, it was a well-cultivated and fertile region, and
is believed to have contained a more numerous population than in
our days.

2. It was called Hespe'ria, by the Greeks, on account of being
situated westward of Greece ; and, in remote ages, it was known
by the names of Satur'nia, Auso'nia, and ^Eno'tria. The term
Italy was not generally adopted until about the commencement

Macedonia? 11. What is said of the Greek colonies of southern Italy?
Which were Dorian ? Ionian ? 12. What colonies in Sicily ? In what
other regions were colonies established ?

Q. 1. What is Italy ? What does it still retain ? What was it under the
Romans ? 2. What was it called by the Greeks, and why ? By what
names was it known in remote ages ? What is said of the term? 3. Of

104 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

of the Christian era : it is supposed to have been derived from
It'alus, one of the ancient monarchs of the country.

3. The settlement of Italy commenced at an early period, but of the date
and circumstances of that event there is no authentic account. Rome was
founded by Romulus, twenty-six centuries ago; at which time the adjacent
country was inhabited by the Etrus'cans, the Lat'ins, the Sa'bines, the
Sam'nites, and some other tribes. Among these the Romans sprang up,
rather as a band of refugees, than as a regular State. In process of time,
however, they subjected first the neighbouring districts, then the whole of
Italy : afterwards, they crossed the Alps, and the seas, to conquer all the
known world.

4. The first influence of Roman conquest was unfavourable to civilization ;
but an acquaintance with the matchless eloquence and philosophy of Greece,
produced, in time, a love of learning, and a desire to rival that distinguished
nation. During the Augustan age, poetry and the fine arts were pursued
with ardour by the Romans, and carried to a high state of perfection. The
wealth accumulated at Rome by the spoils of so many nations, at length
introduced an unbounded luxury, which vitiated the simplicity of ancient
manners, and the oppressive government of successive tyrants paralyzed the
energies of the State, and paved the way for its final overthrow.

5. The decline of the Roman power was attended with the most dreadful
calamities to Italy, as well as to mankind. The barbarians of the north and
the east, allured by the reputed wealth and weakness of the empire, forced
the barriers which the legions could no longer defend, and ravaged the
beautiful and cultivated districts. Rome itself, the imperial capital of the
world, became the prey of barbarians, and was successively occupied by the
Goths, under Al'aric, and the Van'dals, under Genes'eric.

6. Italy forms a large peninsula, lying between the Adriatic and
Tyrrhe'num, Tyrrhenian, or Tuscan seas : the continental part is
about equal, in extent, to the States of New York and Pennsylvania;
but, with the islands usually considered to belong to it, the area is
one-fourth greater. In ancient, as in modern times, its terrestrial
boundary was chiefly the Alpes, or Alps, which separated it from
Transal'pine Gaul, Helve'tia, Nor'icum, and Illyr/icum. The
Apenni'nus, or Apennines, extend through the whole length of the
peninsula.

7. The chief rivers were the Pa'dus, or Erid'anus, called, by some of the
ancients, the king of rivers. Its early name was Bodin'cus, said to signify
bottomless. The Ath'esis, Medo'acus, Pla'vis, Ar'nus, and Ti'ber, were the
next most important streams ; the smaller rivers are very numerous.

the settlement of Italy ? By whom was Rome founded, &c. ? By what
tribes was the adjacent country inhabited? What is said of the Romans?
What occurred in process of time ? 4. What is said of the first influence
of Roman conquest ? Of Greece ? What occurred during the Augustan
age ? What was the effect of the wealth accumulated at Rome, &c. ? The
government of successive tyrants ? 5. With what was the decline of the
Roman power attended ? What followed ? What occurred to Rome itself?
6. What does Italy form ? What is said of the continental part ? The
islands ? Of its terrestrial boundary ? From what countries did this sepa-
rate Italy ? What is said of the Apennines ? 7. Of the chief rivers *

ITALY. 105

8. The lakes La'rius, Verba'nus, Sevi'nus, and Bena'cus, at the base of
the Alps, have been famous, in all ages, for their natural beauties. In the
centre were the lakes Trasime'nus, Vulsinien'sis, and Fuci'nus. The latter
had no outlet, and was, therefore, subject to inundations ; to obviate which
the emperor Clau'dius employed 30,000 men, for three years, in cutting an
outlet to the Ll'ris river. On the completion of this work, a real Nau-
mach'ia, or navai battle was exhibited on the lake, in the presence of
Clau'dius and Agrip'pa, and an immense multitude of spectators.

9. Ancient Italy comprised three great divisions, viz., Ita'lia Gal'lica,
Ita'lia Me'dia, and Magna Grce'cia : the first comprised Northern Italy ; it
was called Gal'lia Cisalpi'na (Cisal'pine or hither Gaul, or Gaul within the
Alps) : the second comprised Central Italy ; it was called Ita'lia Propria
(Italy Proper), from being inhabited by nations deemed purely Italian : the
third comprised southern Italy; it was called Magna Grse'cia (Great Greece),
from the number and fame of the Greek colonies there established.

GAL'LIA CISALPI'NA, OR CISAL'PINE GAUL.

10. GAL'LIA CISALPI'NA lay directly south of the Alps : it ex-
tended from Gaul to Illyricum, and was inhabited by a portion of
the Gallic nation. These people were, for a long period, formi-
dable to the Romans: they once took Rome itself; but the for-
tune of the latter prevailed, and the last of the Italian Gauls was
subjected about the close of the second Punic war.

11. When firmly attached to the sway of Rome, this region became the
best cultivated and most populous part of Italy ; it was noted for the abun-
dance of its wine, grain, fruits, and wool. Cic'ero styled it " the flower of
Italy, the support of the empire, and the ornament of its dignity."

12. Cisal'pine Gaul was divided by the river Pa'dus into two separate ter-
ritories. Gal'lia Transpada'na lay north, and Gal'lia Cispada'na south of
that stream : Gal'lia Toga'ta (Cloaked Gaul) was another name bestowed on
northern Italy, after the inhabitants had adopted the Roman dress and man-
ners, and wore the cloak or toga. Ligu'ria was a district in the southwest,
and Vene'tia another in the northeast part of Cisal'pine Gaul. His'tria was
the smallest and most eastern division.

Map No. 4. — Point out the Adriatic sea. The Tyrrhenum sea. The
Alps. The Apennines. Gallia Transpadana. Gallia Cispadana. Liguria.
Venetia. Histria. The rivers mentioned in the text. The lakes. How
many statute mibj is Italy in length, by the scale ? Roman miles ? What
is its greatest breadth ? From the mouth of the Tiber, northeast ? From
the gulf of Terina to the Scylacian gulf? With what part of the United
States does Italy in N. lat. 44° correspond ? In lat. 42° ? Lat. 40° ? Lat.
38° ? With which of the States does Sicily correspond in latitude ?

8. Of the lakes at the base of the Alps ? In the centre ? Lake Fucinus ?
The emperor Claudius ? What was exhibited there ? 9. What did ancient
Italy comprise? Northern Italy, &c ? Central? Southern? 10. Describe
the position of Gallia Cisalpina. By whom was it inhabited ? What is said of
these people ? When was the last of the Italian Gauls subjected ? 11. What
did this region become, under the sway of Rome ? For what was it noted ?
What did Cicero style it?- 12. How was it divided by the Padus? What
other name was bestowed ? Where was Liguria ? Venetia ? Histria ?

106

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY

42

GAL'LIA CISALPINA — [CONTINUED.]

1. MEDIOLA'NTJM, now Milan', was the most important city north
of the Pa'dus ; it was at first the capital of the Insu'brian Gauls ;
under the Romans it acquire^Ufame and prosperity, and was sur-
named Novae Athe'naB (New Athens), from the liberal arts being
there highly cultivated. In the decline of the empire, when
the emperors left Rome, it was chosen as the capital ; it was after-
wards taken by the Goths and Burgun'dians, when 300,000 of the
inhabitants were put to the sword.

2. North of Mediola'num lay the Rau'diiCampi (Raudian Plains), famous
for the overthrow of the Cim'bri by Ma'rius : westward was the Tici'nus
river, where Han'nibal obtained his first victory over the Romans. Augusta
Praeto'ria was built in honour of Augustus. Not far from hence Han'nibal
passed the Alps, and entered Italy, where, for sixteen years, he maintained
himself against the power of Rome.

fllf.'J a* V A ^i>^Sy \ ^^t^XS**^ t »' •/*•'-. ' '- VJs»- 'I ,^W"i!'*"' "'

Hannibal crossing the Alps.

3. Augusta Taurino'rum, the capital of the Tauri'ni, was burnt by Han'ni-
bal because the inhabitants opposed him. Here, several centuries after-
wards, Constantine defeated Magnen'tius. Co' mum was the birth-place oi
the younger Pliny. Cremo'na, which still retains its ancient name, was a
town of some note. Sir'mio was the favourite residence of Catul'lus. Man'-
tua was, in ancient times, a considerable citv ; it still exists : near it was
the village of Andes, where Virgil was' boi'n« . Bedri'acum was noted for two

Q. 1. What is said of Mediolanum ? What was its surname? What
occurred in the decline of the empire? Afterwards? 2. What lay north
of Mediolanum ? What took place there ? Westward ? What is said of
Augusta Praetoria ? Of Hannibal ? 3. Of Augusta Tauririorum ? What
occurred there several centuries afterwards ? Who was born at Comum ?
What is said of Cremona ? Sirmio ? Mantua ? Andes ? Bedriacum ?

ITALY. 107

battles, in one of which Gal'ba was overcome by O'tho, and, in the other,
Vitel'lius defeated O'tho.

4. VENE'TIA was a district which lay at the head of the Adriat'ic
Sea, the inhabitants of which were, from an early period, friendly
to the Romans. The soil and climate were excellent, and the
cattle and horses were very superior ; the latter often gained prizes
in the races of the Grecian games. His'tria, or Is'tria, lay east of
Vene'tia : it was once a part of Illyr'icum, but was added to Cisal'-
pine Gaul by Augustus. The inhabitants were for a long time
noted pirates.

5. Among the chief towns of Vene'tia were Pata'vium, the birth-place of
Livy ; Vero'na, the birth-place of Catul'lus and Pliny the naturalist ; A'dria,
from which the Adriat'ic sea received its name ; and Alti'num, noted for its
wool. Ju'lium Car'nicum was the chief town of the Car'nii. Nore'ia was
famed for its gold mines, and for the defeat of Cne'ius Carbo by the Cim'bri.

6. Aquile'ia was, from its splendour, sometimes called Roma Secun'da ; it
was strongly fortified, and was long the chief defence of Italy in this
quarter. It withstood a siege against Maxinii'nus, A. D. 238, who, on
account of his cruelty, was slain by his own soldiers before its walls. At'-
tila, A. D. 452, took and razed it to the ground. Terges'te was a Roman
colony, and gave its name to the gulf on which it stood. In His'tria were
./Egi'da, Paren'tium, and Pola; the latter contained a Roman amphitheatre
of sufficient size to accommodate 20,000 spectators. It still ezists, and is in
tolerable preservation.

Amphitheatre of Pola.

7. LIGU'RIA lay along the Ligus'tic gulf, from the river Va'rus to
the Ma'cra. The inhabitants were long determined enemies of
Rome, and joined the arms of Han'nibal, after he had crossed the
Alps. . They were only subdued by the Romans after a war of 80

4. Describe the position of Venetia. What is said of the inhabitants ? The
soil and climate ? The cattle, &c. ? Describe the position of Histria.
What was it added to ? By whom ? 5. What is said of Patavium ? Ve-
rona ? Adria ? Julium Carnicum ? 6. What was Aquileia sometimes
called, &c. ? Against whom did it stand a siege? What was his fate?
What did Attila do ? What is said of Tergeste ? Name the chief towns in
Histria. What did Pola contain ? 7. Describe the position of Liguria.
What is said of the inhabitants ? What did the Ligurians possess 7

•

108 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

years' duration. The Ligu'rians possessed all the courage and
hardihood usual with mountaineers, but were said to be vain and
deceitful.

8. On the coast of Ligu'ria lay Nicse'a, a Milesian colony ; Por'tus Her'culis
Monce'ci, founded by Her'cules ; Al'bium Inteme'lium, the chief town of the
Inteme'lii, and Al'bium Ingau'num, the chief town of the Ingau'ni. Gen'ua,
at the head of the Ligus'tic gulf, was burnt by Mago during the second Punic
war, but was rebuilt by the Romans : it is now Genoa, noted as the birth-
place of Columbus.

9. North of the Apennines was Augusta Vagienno'rum, the chief town
of the Vagie'ni, and Ceba, noted for its cheese. Pollen'tia was famous for its
wool : here the Romans, under Stil'icho, were defeated by the Goths. Al'ba
Pompe'ia was the birth-place of the emperor Per'tinax. Derto'na and Forum*
Ful'vii were Roman colonies. Placen'tia was burnt by Hamil'car, at the
end of the second Punic war. In its vicinity, on the banks of the Tre'bia,
Hannibal gained his second victory over the Romans.

10. Par'ma was famous for its wool : here Cas'sius Seve'rus, the poet, and
Macro'bius, the critic, were born. At Mu'tina, D., Brutus was closely be-
sieged by Antony, until the latter, on his defeat at Forum Gallo'rum, raised
the siege. Forum Gallo'rum was noted for two battles on the same day
fought near it, one of which was between Antony and the consul Pansa,
advantageous to the former ; in the second, Antony was defeated by the
consul Hir'tius. Bono'nia suffered much in the civil wars, but was after-
wards restored by Augustus.

11. At Re'gium Lep'idi the elder Brutus was put to death, after his sur-
render, by Pompey. At Faven'tia, Carbo's party Was defeated by Syria's.
Spi'na was once rich and flourishing, and presented more valuable offerings
at Del'phi than any other city. Raven'na became the chief naval station on
the Adriat'ic, until Augustus constructed a new station, called Por'tus Clas'sis.
When Rome was occupied by the barbarians, Raven'na became the resi-
dence of the emperors of the west.

Map No. 4. — Point out the towns mentioned in the text north of the
Padus river. The towns in Venetia. In Histria. The towns south of the
Padus. What towns lay on the Ligustic gulf? On the Adriatic sea ?
Point out the Raudian Plains. Ticinus river. Trebia river. When were
battles fought at those places ? Also at Augusta Taurinorum ? Pollentia ?
Bedriacum ? Verona ? Over what part of the Alps did Hannibal pass ?
At what period ? How many years since that time ? Name the heights
of the different sections of the Alps — as the Maritime Alps, &c. The
Apennines. What is the length of lake Verbanus ? Larius ? Sevinus ?
Benacus ? What is the length of the Padus river ? The Athesis ? Name
the chief tributaries of the Padus.

8. What towns lay on the coast of Liguria ? What is said of Genoa ?

9. What towns lay north of the Apennines ? What is said of Alba Pom-
peia ? Dertona and Forum Fulvii ? Placentia ? What took place on the
banks of the Trebia? 10. What is said of Parma? Mutina? Forum
Gallorum? Bononia? 11. What occurred at Regium Lepidi ? Faventia?
What is said of Ravenna?

* Forum was a name given, in Roman geography, to various places where a public market
was established, or where the Praetor held a court of justice. It seems to hare been nearly equi-
valent to our term County Town.

tTALY. 109

43

ITALY PROPER.

1. ITALY PROPER extended southward from Gal'lia Cispada'na
to the rivers Silau'ris and Frento. Its divisions were Etru'ria,
Latium, Um'bria, Pice'num, Campa'nia, Sam'nium, and the terri-
tory of the Sabi'ni, or Sa'bines. In remote times it was inhabited
by various nations, who were nearly always at war with each
other ; but, in process of time, they all became incorporated with
the Roman people.

ETRU'RIA.

2. ETRU'RIA, now Tus'cany, the country of the Etrus'cans, was a
highly cultivated district. The inhabitants were distinguished for
their early civilization; and, at the time when the surrounding
nations were sunk in barbarism, they had attained a respectable
eminence in the arts and sciences.

3. The Etrus'cans formed a confederation of twelve cities, each of which
was a republic within itself. By their skill in war and navigation they
gained, for a time, a great ascendancy over the neighbouring States ; but,
becoming at length disunited, they were overpowered by the Romans.
Many of their sculptured gems, vases, and paintings, still exist : they are
highly prized by artists and antiquaries, and, in some respects, have never
been surpassed.

4. In the eastern part of Etru'ria, on the banks of lake Trasime'nus, Han-
nibal vanquished the consul Flamin'ius. Near the coast was lake Pri'lis, not
far from which the Gauls and Ges'atae were defeated by the Romans. Lu'na
Was famous for its cheese and its fine marble. Pi'sae was celebrated for its hot
springs. Volater'r® was the birth-place of the satirist Per'seus. Near the
latter the Etrus'cans were defeated by the Romans : the city afterwards sus-
tained a two years' siege against Syl'la.

5. Populo'nium was the chief naval arsenal of Etru'ria. Tarquin'ii was the
birth-place of Tarquin'ius Pris'cus. Coe're, or Agyl'la, was noted for the hos-
pitality shown by the inhabitants to those who fled hither from Rome, when
it was besieged by the Gauls. At Peru'sia Lu'cius Antonius was besieged,
and finally starved out by Augustus. Clu'sium was the capital of Porsen'na,
king of Etru'ria. Veii sustained a siege of ten years against the Romans.

6. Fale'rii was taken by Camil'lus : during the siege he won the confidence

Q. 1. How far did Italy proper extend southward? What were its divi-
sions ? How was it inhabited in remote times ? 2. Describe Etruria.
What is said of the inhabitants ? 3. What did the Etruscans form ? What
did they gain by their skill in war, &c. ? What was their fate ? What is
said of their sculptured gems, &c. ? 4. What occurred on the banks of
lake Trasi menus? Near lake Prilis? What is said of Lana? Pisse ?
Volaterrae ? What took place near the latter city ? 5. What was Populo-
nium? Tarquinii? What is said of Casre ? Perusia ? Clusium ? 6. By
whom was Falerii taken ? What occurred during the siege ? What is
10

110 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

of the inhabitants by placing in their hands a treacherous preceptor, who
offered to deliver to the Romans the sons of the principal men of the city,
who were his pupils. At Pisto'ria, Cat'iline was defeated and killed. Off
the coast of Etru'ria was the island of II va, famous for its iron mines, and
known, in modern times, as the place to which the emperor Napoleon was
exiled. Capra'ria was noted for its goats. To Plana'sia, Pos'thumus Agrippa
was banished by Augustus. Urgos and Igil'ium were islands that belonged
to Etru'ria.

TJM'BRIA.

7. UM'BRIA derived its name from, the Um'bri, who are supposed
to have been amongst the earliest inhabitants of Italy, and are
believed to have been of Celtic origin. The Etrus'cans, Sa'bines
and Lat'ins, were their descendants. The Sen'ones, a Gallic tribe,
drove the Um'brians into the mountains, but the Romans finally
conquered the district.

•^"-•"^^^^•"^•••^^••^•^^•^^••^HBB

Caesar crossing the Rubicon, B. C. 49.

8. Among the principal places in Um'bria were Sar'sina, where Plau'tus,
the comic poet, was born, and Arim'inum, the first city taken by Caesar
after he passed the Ru'bicon. It was by crossing this stream, the boundary
of his government, with an armed force, that Caesar disobeyed the commands
of the Senate, and began the war between himself and Pompey, which
resulted in his acquiring the supreme authority in Rome.

9. Some of the other towns were Nuce'ria, famed for its manufactures of
wooden vessels. Meva'nia, the birth-place of Proper'tius, a noted poet, and
Interam'na, where the historian Tac'itus, and also the emperor of the same
name, were born. Near Forum Sempro'nii, As'drubal, the' brother of Han'ni-
bal, then in command of a strong reinforcement, was defeated and slain by
the Romans, B. C. 207. His head was severed from his body, and wa>
thrown, a few days afterwards, into his brother's camp.

said of Camillus ? Pistoria ? Ilva ? Capraria ? Planasia ? 7. From whom
did Umbria derive its name ? What is said of their origin ? Descendants ?
The Sennones? 8. Who was born at Sarsina? What is said of Arimin-
um ? Of Csesar crossing the Rubicon ? 9. Of Nuceria ? Mevania ? Inter-

ITALY. Ill

SABI'NI OR SA'BINES.

10. THE SABI'NI, or SA'BINES, derived their name from the god
Sa'bus, their first leader or progenitor. Their country lay north-
east of Rome, and between the Apennirie mountains and the
Tiber river ; it was fertile in pasturage as well as in oil, fruits,and
wine.

11. These people were brave and hardy, and were noted for
their honesty and simplicity of manners. They were among the
first who took up arms against the Romans, which they did to
avenge the rape of their wornem* The Sa'bines had subsequently
many contests with them, but they were at length conquered by
the Roman general Cu'rius Denta'tus, B. C. 292.

12. Among the towns of the Sa'bines, Nur'sia was noted for the coldness
of its situation, and Cutil'ise for its mineral waters. Rea'te was situated in a
pleasant, fertile valley ; its luxuriant meadows bore the name Ro'sei Campi,
and are still called La Rose. Cu'res was the birth-place of Nu'ma Pompil'ius.
Women' turn was famed for its wine. Near it was the little river ATha.
where the Gauls defeated the Romans, and then took Rome.

13. Fide'nae was remarkable for its perseverance in resisting- the Roman
yoke. Aquae Al'bula3 was noted for its sulphur springs. Cornic'ulum was
the supposed birth-place of Ser'vius Tul'lius. Antem'nse was one of the first
towns that resisted the rape of the Sabine women. Near it was Mount
Sa'cer, whither the Roman populace retired, in a turmoil which caused the
election of the tribunes.

Map No. 4. — Poin.t out the Macra river. The Rubicon. Silauris. Frento.
These rivers were the north and south boundaries of Italy Proper, on the
Adriatic and Tyrrhenian seas. Where is Etruria? Latium ? Umbria?
Picenum ? Campania ? Samnium ? Sabini ? Point out the Arnus river.
The Umbro. Tiber. Clanis. Where is lake Trasimenus? Lake Prilis ?
Lake Fucinus? Point out the towns in Etruria mentioned in the text.
Point out Pistoria. Feesulse. Pisse. Florentia. Volaterrse. Arretium.
Cortona. Clusium. Perusia. Vulsinii. Falerii. Veii. These weie the
twelve confederated cities of Etruria. Point out the towns in Umbria men-
.tioned in the text. In Picenum. In the Sabini territory. When were
battles fought at lake Trasimenus ? Pistoria ? Forum Sempronii ?

amna? What occurred near Forum Sempronii ? 10. From whom did the
Sabini or Sabines derive their name ? Describe the position of their coun-
try. 11. What was the character of these people ? What were they among
the first to'do? What is said of the Sabines and Romans? 12. What is
said of Nursia ? Cutilise ? Reate ? Nomentum ? What occurred at the
river Allia ? 13. What is said of Fidense ? Aquae Albuloe ? Corniculum ?
Antemnse ? Mount Sacer ?

* At first, the Romans were without wives, a deficiency which Romulus resolved to supply by
stratagem ; accordingly, he invited the neighbouring Sabines, with their wives and daughters, to
a feast, to which they came unarmed. In the midst of the festival, the Romans rushed upon the
women, and each one provided himself with a female companion. This rude wooing was called
the " rape of the Sabines ;" it produced a war between the two States, but it was soon termi-
nated by the entreaties of the abducted women, who had, in the mean time, become the wives
of the Romans.

112 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

44

PICE'NUM, SAM'NIUM, AND CAMPA'NIA.

1. PICE'NUM lay southeast of Um'bria, and between the Ap'en-
nines and the Adriat'ic sea. It was inhabited principally by the
Pice'ni or Picen'tes, a branch of the Sa'bine nation, who gave
their name to the country. It was one of the most fertile regions
of Italy : the northern districts were famous for apples, and the
southern for wine.

2. Anco'na, which retains its ancient name, was the chief town of Pice'-
num ; it was a great naval station of the Romans. The harbour was im-
proved by Tra'jan ; and the grateful citizens erected to him, in return, a
triumphal arch, which is still standing. As'culum Pice'num was an im-
portant town, and was taken by Pompey, after a long siege : it was cele-
brated for its temple of Venus, and its manufacture of purple dye. Ha'dria
was much esteemed for its wine. Sul'mo was the birth-place of Ov'id, and
Amiter'num, of Sal'lust. Corfin'ium was the capital of the Pelig'ni.
Among the other towns were Fir'mium, Atern'um, Lari'num, &c.

SAM NIUM.

3. SAM'NIUM lay in the interior of Italy, east of La'tium and
Campa'nia ; it was the country of the Sam'nites, a people similar
to the Sa'bines. They bore an inveterate hatred to the Romans,
but were finally conquered by them, in the time of Syl'la, after a
war of 70 years' duration.

4. The Sam'nites cultivated various arts and manufactures, which they
borrowed, as well as their laws, from the Greeks. Their form of govern-
ment was democratic; and, at the commencement of a war, they were
accustomed to choose a common general to command the armies of the dif-
ferent tribes.

5. Among the towns of the Sam'nites were Sam'nis, the capital, and Bene-
ven'tum, near which Pyr'rhus, king of Epi'rus, who came to assist the
Sam'nites against the Romans, was totally defeated, B. C. 274. Alli'fae was
noted for its pottery. Cau'dium gave frame to the Fur'cae Caudi'nse (Cau'-
dine Forks), a narrow defile between two mountains : here a Roman army
was compelled to pass under the yoke, by the Sam'nites, and the Romans
were, in consequence, obliged to make a disgraceful peace, B. C. 321.

Q. 1. Describe Picenum. The inhabitants. Its fertility. 2. What is
said of Ancona ? The inhabitants ? Asculum Picenum ? Hadria? Sul-
mo ? Amiternum ? Name the other towns. 3. Describe the position of
Samnium, &c. What were the feelings of the Samnites towards the Ro
mans ? What occurred to them ? 4. What did they cultivate ? What did
they borrow from the Greeks ? What was their form of government ?
What did they do at the commencement of a war ? 5. What town was
their capital ? What is said of Beneventum ? Allifae ? Caudium ? 6. De-

ITALY. 113

CAMPA'NIA.

6. CAMPA'NIA lay along the coast of the Tyrrhe'num sea, from
the river Li'ris to the Sil'arus ; it was a beautiful and fertile dis-
trict, and is still described as the most charming province of Italy.
Many of the most distinguished Romans resorted thither and built
themselves splendid country houses.

7. It underwent more frequent changes of inhabitants, in early times
than any other part of the peninsula. Attracted by the fertility of the soil,
the beauty of the climate, and its commodious havens, successive invaders
poured in and dispossessed each other, until the superior ascendancy of
Rome left her the undisputed mistress of this garden of Italy.

8. Cap'ua was the chief city of Campa'nia; it declared in favour of Han'-
nibal; but its voluptuous pleasures ruined his veteran soldiers, after they
had vanquished all the armies of Rome. On its subsequent submission to
the Romans, many of the citizens were punished with death, or sold into
slavery. Close to Cap'ua was Casili'num, which endured such extreme
famine during its siege by Hannibal, that a mouse, it is said, sold for 200
denarii — about $30 of our money. .

9. Vena'frum was famed for its olives, and Mount Mas'sicus for its wine :
near it were the vineyards which produced the renowned Faler'nian wine,
so boasted of by the voluptuous poets of Rome. At Liter'num,Scip'io Afri-
ca'nus lived in exile. Bai'rc was noted for its warm springs and baths ; the
Romans viewed it as the most enchanting spot on earth : it was crowded
with the villas of their great men. Here was the academy of Cic'ero, the
favourite haunt of Vir'gil, and the palace of Lucul'lus.

10. Neap'olis, or Parthen'ope, was a beautiful city, of Greek origin ; the
inhabitants were effeminate and luxurious. Near the city was the tomb of
Vir'gil, whose remains were brought hence from Brundu'sium, where he
died. A few miles from Neap'olis was Mount Vesu'vius, the only volcano
in continental Europe, and one of the most active in the world. Hercula'-
neum and Pompe'ii, cities which lay at the base of the mountain, were both

Pompeii.

scribe the position of Campania. What is said of it ? What is its present
description ? What did many of the Romans do ? 7. What is said of its
changes ? What attracted invaders ? What is said of Rome ? 8. Of Ca-
pua ? Hannibal, &c. ? What occurred on its subsequent submission ?
What is said of Casilinum ? 9. Of Venafrum ? Mount Massicus ? Liternum ?
Baiae ? 10. Describe Neapo?;s and its inhabitants. What was near the city ?
What is said of Mount Vesuvius ? Of Herculaneum and Pompeii ? 11. How
10* H

114 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

overwhelmed by an eruption of ashes and lava, A. D. 79. The elder Pliny,
at the same time, lost his life by venturing too near the volcano.

11. These cities remained unknown for more than sixteen centuries, but
were at length discovered, Hercula'neum in 1713, and Pompe'ii in 1750;
the latter has been nearly all uncovered, and travellers may now walk
through a great extent of this ancient town. It exhibits the full pictuae of
what a Roman city was, habitations, temples, baths, the shops of the differ-
ent trades, the implements they used, and even the materials on which they
were employed.

12. No'la was a strongly fortified city ; here Han'mbal was repulsed by
Marcel'lus, and here, subsequently, Augustus died. Bells were said to have
been invented and first used in No'la. Saler'num was an ancient city ; the
hills in the vicinity were famed for their wine. Off the coast lay the island
^Ena'ria, named from the earthen casks made in it. Ca'preae was the
scene of the infamous debaucheries of Tibe'rius. It is now a great resort
for quails, and is called the bishopric of quails.

Map No, 4. — What sea bounded Picenum on the east ? What mountains
on the west ? What river formed its north boundary ? Southern ? Point
out Ancona. Asculum Picenum. Hadria. Sulmo. Amiternum. Cor-
finium and the other towns. What districts lay west of Samnium?
East ? What river separated Samnium, in part, from Campania ? Point
out Samnis. Beneventum. Allifaa. Caudium. What sea bounded Cam
pania on the west? What river separated it from Latium? From Luca-
nia ? What river, in part, from Samnium ? What islands lay off the coast
of Campania? Where is Mount Vesuvius? How high is it ? Where is
Mount Massicus ? Where is Capua ? Venafrum ? Liternum ? Baiae ?
Neapolis ? Herculaneum ? Pompeii ? Nola ? Salernum ? On what
gulf are Neapolis, Herculaneum, and Pompeii ? On what gulf is Salernum ?

45

LA'TIUM.

1. LA'TIUM lay on the west side of Italy, between the rivers
Tiber and Liris ; in early times it was inhabited by the Latins,
Au'sones, Ru'tuli, Sa'bines, Vol'sci, and other petty tribes. The
name was derived from Lati'nus, one of its first monarchs. It was
the original country of the Romans, and contained the metropolis
of their empire ; it varied in extent, at different times, but it pro-
bably never exceeded, in area, the State of Rhode Island.

2. The empire of Rome was the most potent that ever existed :
its power was feared by all the surrounding nations, and the title

long, did these cities remain unknown ? When were they discovered ?
What is the present state of Pompeii ? 12. What is said of Nola ? Of Saler-
num? The island of ^Enaria? Caprese ?

Q. 1. What is said of Latium ? The early inhabitants ? The name ?
Of what people was it the original country ? What did it contain ? What
was its extent ? 2. What was the empire of Rome ? What is said of its

ITALY. 115

of a Roman citizen was, for hundreds of years, regarded as a high
and envied distinction. The foundation of the empire commenced
with the building of the city of Rome by Rom'ulus, B. C. 753.
It nourished first as a kingdom, for a period of 244 years ; secondly,
as a republic, for 479 years; and then as an empire, for 506
years. Its duration was 1229 years, ending A. D. 476, with the
extinction of the western, or Roman empire proper.

3. The eastern, Byzan'tine or Lower Greek empire, was, in reality, a
continuation of the Roman dominion, but with diminished extent and power.
The Adriatic Sea was its western limit, and its capital was Constantinople.
It commenced A. D. 395, when Theodo'sius divided the Roman empire
between his two sons, Arca'dius and Hono'rius : the first became emperor
of the east, and the other of the west. The eastern empire continued until
A. D. 1453. Constantinople was then captured by the Turks, and a new
State was founded on the ruins of the former.

4. The authority of Rom'ulus extended, at first, only about five miles
from the walls of the city he had built : but he and his successors soon en-
larged their territories. During the republic, the bounds of the State were
rapidly increased by the conquests of its victorious generals, and finally, a
large portion of the known world was subjected to the sway of Rome.

5. Under Augustus, the empire had reached the summit of its power ; but,
in the time of Trajan, it was still farther enlarged in extent. It then com-
prised the finest portions of the eastern continent, including all Europe, from
the Atlantic to the Eux'ine sea, south of the Rhine and the Danube ; in Asia,
the entire region from the Cau'casus mountains and the Eux'ine to the Red
sea, and from the Mediterranean to the river Tigris ; in Africa, Egypt, and
all the other countries north of the great desert, besides every island in the
Mediterranean sea. The whole was nearly equal, in extent, to modern
Europe, with a population estimated at 120 millions ; but the latter was
probably much greater.

6. The warlike character of the Romans, for which they were distin-
guished from their first origin, contributed to their success as conquerors.
Unrivalled skill in military exercises, and pre-eminent ability in their com-
manders, served to render them superior to the nations around them. War
and agriculture were their chief employments. A large portion of the people
was directly engaged in the military service. The proportion of soldiers,
compared with the whole population, was often as high as one to eight.

7. The most esteemed reward of a victorious Roman general, was a trium-
phal procession. It formed a splendid spectacle, consisting of the senate,
the citizens, and the victorious army, which, marching through the princi-
pal streets, proceeded up the Via Sacra, or Sacred Way, to the capitol. The

power ? The title of a Roman citizen? When did the empire commence,
&c. ? What was it at first ? Secondly ? Thirdly ? What is said of its
duration ? When did it end ? 3. Describe the eastern empire. Its west-
ern limits, &c. When did it commence ? Who was emperor of the east ?
Of the west ? When did the eastern empire terminate ? What then oc-
curred ? 4. What is said of the authority of Romulus ? Of the republic ?
5. Of the empire under Augustus? Trajan? What did the empire then
comprise ? What is said of its extent ? Population ? 6. What is said of
the Romans ? Their skill, &c. ? Their employments ? What proportion
were soldiers ? 7. What is said of a triumphal procession ? Describe it.

116

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

victor, plainly but richly dressed, rode in a gilded chariot, drawn by white
horses. In the procession were borne the spoils and emblems of the con-
quered provinces and cities, followed by the captive princes and generals in
chains. Every Roman commander aspired to the honour of a triumph, and
considered it the highest distinction to be thought worthy of it.

Triumphal Procession.

8. The Romans were, after the manner of the Athenians, separated into
several classes. Rom'ulus divided them into three tribes; 1. the Romans;
2. the Sabines ; 3. the other foreigners. Ser'vius Tul'lius afterwards divided
the citizens into six classes, according to amount of property. These classes
were subdivided into 193 centuries. In order to preserve this distribution, a
census and valuation was taken every five years.

9. Each of these classes had arms peculiar to itself, and a certain place
in the army according to the valuation of their fortunes. Those of the first
class were called Clas'sici ; all the others were said to be infra Clas'sem ;
hence Clas'sici auctores for the most approved authors. The first class com-
prised 100 centuries, and furnished more men and money for the public ser-
vice than all the rest of the State besides. They had likewise a predomi-
nant influence in the assemblies of the people.

10. Another division of the Romans was into Patricians and Plebeians.
The former comprised the most wealthy and powerful families, and were the
descendants of the senators or fathers (Patres, hence Patricians) appointed
by Romulus. At first, the Senators amounted to 1 00 in number, afterwards
200, then 300. On the fall of the republic, the Senate consisted of 1000
members, but the emperor Augustus reduced it to 600. The Plebeians
comprised the farmers, mechanics, merchants and soldiers, as well as the
poor, who lived principally by the largesses made by the State, or by the
rich. The Plebs rustica comprised the agricultural classes ; the Plebs u- -
bana, the residents of cities and towns.

The victor, &c. 8. How were the Romans divided by Romulus? By
Servius Tullius ? What were the subdivisions, &c. ? How was the order
preserved ? 9. What is said of the arms and position of each class ? What
was the first called ? The others ? What did the first comprise ? What
did they furnish? What is said of their influence? 10. What other
division existed ? What did the first comprise ? How many senators were
there at first ? Afterwards ? What did Augustus do ? What did the Pie
beians comprise ? The Plebs rustira ? The Plebs urbana ?

ITALY. 117

Map No. 4. — What sea bounded Latium on the west and south? What
river separated it from Etruria? From Campania? What islands lay
southwest ? What mountains on the east ? What promontory or cape
south ? Where are the Pontine marshes ? Many attempts have been made,
within the last 2000 years, to drain these marshes by the construction of
canals, &c. through them, but they still retain their ancient character. See
Map Vicinity of Rome. Point out the Via Appia. Via Latina. Aurelia.
Claudia, &c. These were the viae or roads constructed by the Romans : they
commenced at the Forum, in the centre of Rome, were carried throughout
Italy, and thence branching out in all directions, were extended to the fron-
tiers of the empire. They were of great solidity, and had mile-stones placed
on them. These roads were among the most useful and remarkable works
of ancient times.

46

LA'TIUM — [CONTINUED.]

The Coliseum at the present day.

1. THE city of Rome was the capital of the Roman empire; it
is often called the Eternal City, and was for 2000 years, more or
less connected with everything great and memorable enacted in the
civilized world. In its days of prosperity, its magnificence and
luxury were unrivalled ; it was enriched, by its generals, with the
spoils of a hundred nations, and the wealth of the most potent
monarchs was poured into its coffers.

2. Rome is on the east side of the Tiber river, 15 miles from the sea ; it
was built, at first, on two, but afterwards, chiefly on seven hills ; hence it
was called Septicollis, or city of the seven hills. The city was surrounded
by walls, first by Romulus, then by Servius Tullius, and afterwards by Au-
relius and Honorius. The walls of the second were probably about nine,
and those of the latter thirteen miles in circumference. The gates of the
city were thirty in number. The suburbs, beyond the walls, were exten-

Q. 1. What is said of the city of Rome, &c.? What was it for 2000
years ? What is said of its days of prosperity ? By whom and in what
way was it enriched ? 2. Describe its position. On what was it first built ?
Afterwards what was it called ? Who surrounded it with walls ? What
was their circumference ? What is said of the suburbs^ The circuit of

118 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

sive, and densely peopled. The circuit of the city and its environs, about
the year A. D. 250, was estimated at 50 miles, and the population at from
three to four millions.

3. Rome, at this time, contained among its public buildings 420 temples,
five theatres, two amphitheatres, seven circuses, of vast extent, and sixteen
public baths, built of marble. Some of the latter were immense structures,
were furnished with every convenience, and could accommodate 3000 bathers
at the same time. From the aqueducts a prodigious number of fountains
were supplied with water ; many of these were remarkable for their archi-
tectural beauty. The palaces, triumphal arches, columns, porticoes, and
obelisks were almost without number, and were, for the most part, elegant
specimens of art.

4. The architectural splendour of this great city properly dates
from the reign of Augustus, who boasted that he found it " brick,
and left it marble." The chief aim of Augustus and the empe-
rors, his successors, in the construction of the splendid buildings
which they erected for public amusement, seems to have been to
compensate the people for the loss of liberty by the magnificence
of their shows and entertainments.

5. Among the chief ornaments of Rome was the Capitol; it was built on
the Capitoline hill, the highest part of the city, and was approached from the
Forum by 100 steps. The gates were of brass, gilded, arid the whole build-
ing was so copiously adorned in the same way, that the Romans called it
the Golden Capitol. On the southwest side of the hill is the Tarpeian rock.
Notorious criminals were often put to death by being hurled from its sum-
mit. The Forum was the chief place of public assembly ; in it were the
temple of Janus and the Senate-House. The gates of the first were never
closed during war, and so incessant were the contests in which the Romans
were engaged, that they were shut only three times in the course of eight
hundred years.

6. The Senate-House was the grand legislative hall of the nation ; it was
copiously adorned with the statues of eminent warriors and statesmen.
Here, at the foot of Pompey's statue, Julius Caesar was killed by Brutus,
Cassius, and other conspirators, E. C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. This
great general, historian, and statesman, though he usurped the supreme
power and overthrew the liberties of his country, was the ablest ruler who
ever wielded the destinies of Rome.

7. The Colise'um, an immense building, though much dilapidated, still
remains ; it is a third of a mile in circumference, is more than a hundred
feet high, and had room for 100,000 spectators. In the arena were exhibited
the cruel fights of gladiators, in which the Romans took a pleasure, equally

the city and environs ? Population ? 3. What is said of the public bui'd-
ings ? The baths ? How many could bathe at the same time ? What is
said of the aqueducts ? Palaces ? Triumphal arches, &c. ? 4. From what
time does its architectural splendour date? Of what did Augustus boast?
What was his chief aim, &c. ? 5. Describe the capitol. Its gates, &c. The
Tarpeian rock. What was the Forum ? What did it contain ? What is
said of the temple of Janus ? 6. Of the senate-house.? What occurred at
the foot of Pompey's statue ? When did this event take place ? How old was
Caesar ? What is said of him ? 7. Describe the Coliseum. For how many
spectators had it room ? What was exhibited there ? 8. Describe the Pan-

ITALY. 119

infamous and extravagant, together with races, exhibitions of strange ani-
mals and combats of wild beasts.

8. The Pan'theon, or temple of
all the gods, is now a Christian
church ; it is the best preserved
ancient building in Rome, and is
universally admired for its fine
dome and its beautiful columns.
It is 150 feet high, with walls 18
feet thick ; there are no windows,
but an opening in the roof, 25 feet
in diameter, serves to light the
interior.

9. Os'tia, at the mouth of the

Tiber, was the port of Rome. 30n<

Southward, on the coast, were Laurenti'num and Lauren'tum ; the latter
received its name from its groves of bay trees. Lavin'ium was founded by
^Ene'as, and was named after his wife Lavinia. Ar'dea was, in early
times, the chief city of the Ru'tuli ; here Camil'lus remained in exile till
the siege of Rome by the Gauls, under Bren'nus, when he so nobly contri-
buted to the delivery of his country.

10. Lanu'vium was the birth-place of the three An'tonines, of the actor
Ros'cius and others. Alba Longa lay on the east side of lake Alba'nus ; it
was long the rival of Rome, but was destroyed by Tul'lus Hostil'ius ; the
soil around it was celebrated for its fertility. Vel'itrse was the birth-place
of Augustus, and Tus'culum of the elder Cato. Many of the wealthy Ro-
mans had villas at this place, among which the villa Tuscula'num of Cicero
may be named.

11. At Ga'bii Rom'ulus and Re'mus were educated ; near it the Gauls
were defeated by Camil'lus, after they had sacked Rome. Colla'tia is memo-
rable for the death of Lucre'tia. Tibur was a favourite place of residence
with the Romans, who used it, at one time, as a place of banishment. Sy'-
phax died here in captivity, and here Zeno'bia, queen of Palmy'ra, spent
the latter years of her life.

12. Aqui'num was celebrated for its purple dye ; it was the birth-place
of Ju'venal and the emperor Pescen'nius Niger. Terraci'na was a noted
naval station ; in the vicinity the emperor Galba was born. For'mine, in
the southern part of La'tium, was a favourite residence of Cicero, and here
he was murdered by order of Antony. An'tium was, at first, a Volscian
city ; it was the residence of Coriola'nus, after he left Rome. In the time
of the emperors it was a noted town; Augustus, Tiberius and Calig'ula all
resided here for a time, and it was the birth-place of Nero. Arpi'nurn was
the native town of both Marius and Cicero ; the latter often alludes to it in
his letters.

Map No. 4. — Plan of Ancient Rome. — Point out the Aventine. Capito-
line. Cffilian. Esquiline. Palatine. Quirinal and Viminal hills. These

theon. 9. What was Ostium ? What is said of Laurentum ? Of Lavi-
nium ? Ardea ? 10. Who were born at Lanuvium ? What is said of Alba
Longa? Velitrae? Tusculum? 11. Who were born at Gabii ? What
occurred near it ? What is said of Collatia ? Of Tibur ? Who died there '!
What queen resided there? 12. What is said of Aquinum? Terracina *
Formiae, &c. ? Antium, &c ? Arpinum ?

120 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

are the seven hills on which Rome was chiefly built. Point out the Tar
peian rock. The walls of Servius Tullius. Of Aurelius and Honorius.
Where is the Coliseum? The Pantheon? The Forum? The Circus
Maximus? Of Nero? Of Adrian? The baths of Diocletian ? Of Titus?
Of Antoninus Caracalla ? The mausoleum of Augustus? Of Adrian?
The column of Trajan ? Of Antonine ? Where is the Campus Martius
(Field of Mars) ? Here the military reviews, the election of the magistrates,
and the registration or census of the people were held. Is Rome in north
or south latitude ? Which of our large cities is very nearly on the same
parallel ? See Map Vicinity of Rome. Where is Ostium ? Laurentinum
and the other towns mentioned in the text ? See Latium. Point out Aqui-
num. Terracina. Formiae. Antium. Arpinum.

' 47

MAG'NA GR^E'CIA.

1. THE southern part of Italy was settled at an early period by
colonies from Greece, who brought with them the arts and institu-
tions of that country ; hence it was called Mag'na Grse'cia (Great
Greece). Its divisions were Apu'lia, Cala'bria, Luca'nia, and Brut'
tia. It was long the seat of learning, industry and wealth, but it
is now, for the most part, sunk in ignorance ; the interior districts
are almost unknown, and the inhabitants are amongst the most
barbarous in Europe.

2. APU'LIA lay on the Adriatic Sea, and south of the river
Frento ; it is supposed to have been named after Ap'ulus, an an-
cient monarch of the country. It comprised two divisions, viz.,
Dau'nia, in the north, and Peuce'tia, in the south: the whole
region was famous for its wool.

3. Among the towns of Apu'lia was Can'nse, noted for the victory gained
by Hannibal over the Romans ; the latter lost 50,000 men. After the battle,
the gold rings of the fallen Roman knights were collected, and several
bushels of them sent to Carthage. Canu'sium was famous for its manu-
factures of cloth ; hither the remnant of the Roman army fled, after the
defeat at Can'nae. Venu'sia was the native town of Horace. Near this
place Marcellus was killed in a skirmish against Hannibal. Luce'ria was
noted for its fine wool. At As'culum, surnamed Ap'ulum, a severe battle
was fought between Pyr'rhus and the Romans. North of Apu'lia lay the
Diomede're islands; to one of these, called Trem'iti, Augustus banished his
granddaughter Julia, who died there.

Q. 1. What is said of the southern part of Italy, &c.? What was it
called ? Its divisions ? What was it once ? What is it now ? 2. De-
scribe the position of Apulia, &c. What did it comprise? What was it
famous for ? 3. What is said of Cannae ? What occurred after the battle ?
For what was Canusium famous ? What is said of Venusia ? Luceria ?

ITALY. 121

CALABRIA.

4. CALA'BRIA, called also Japyg'ia and Messa'pia, occupied the
easternmost portion of Italy ; ft was fertile, abounded in cattle,
fruits of various kinds, and excellent honey. The early inhabit-
ants were the Cal'abri, the Messa'pi, and the Jap'yges.

5. Taren'tum was once the most important city in Mag'na Grse'cia ; the
people were wealthy and luxurious. Their wars with the Romans brought
Pyr'rhus from Greece into Italy as their ally. This place was, for a time,
the residence of Pythag'oras, who inspired the inhabitants with a love of
virtue, and thus made them superior to their neighbours. Hydrun'tum was
the nearest town to Greece. Here Pyr'rhus, and afterwards Varro, medi-
tated the building of a bridge across the Adriatic, here 47 miles in breadth.

6. Brundu'sium was a naval station ; from hence the Romans generally
embarked for Greece. Dyrrach'ium, on the opposite coast, and 100 miles
distant, was the chief point of intercourse. Virgil died at Brundu'sium,
when on his journey from Athens to Rome. At Mandu'riae, Archid'amus,
king of Sparta, was killed in a battle between the Tar'entines and Luca'-
nians. Ru'disD was the birth-place of En'nius, the friend of Scip'io Africa'-
nus, and the father of Latin poetry.

LUCA'NIA.

7. LUCA'NIA lay south of Apulia ; it derived its name from the
Luca'ni, a Samnite tribe, who overcame the Greek colonists pre-
viously settled in that part of Italy, and gave their name to the
country. After the Roman conquest, it is said to have been less
flourishing than previous to that event.

8. Metapon'tum was one of the principal cities. Pythag'oras is supposed
to have died here. At Pando'sia, Pyr'rhus gained his first victory over the
Romans. Syb'aris was noted for the wealth, luxury, and voluptuousness of
the inhabitants. It was demolished and rebuilt five different times, but it
was at length destroyed by the people of Croto'na. The term Syb'arite is
still used to denote an effeminate voluptuary. Syb'aris lay between the
rivers Cra'this and Syb'aris ; the waters of the former were said to give a
yellow colour to the hair and beard of those who drank them.

9. Paes'tum or Posido'nia was famed for its beautiful roses, which bloomed
twice a year. Not far distant was E'lea, the city of Parmen'ides and Ze'no.
The school of philosophy which they founded was called the Eleat'ic. At
N umis'tro, Marcel'lus defeated Hannibal. At Heracle'a the congress of the

Asculum, &c. ? 4. Describe the position of Calabria, &c. Name the
early inhabitants. 5. What is said of Tarentum, &c. ? Who resided there ?
What is said of Hydruntum, &c. ? 6. What was Brundusium ? Dyrra-
chium ? Who died at Brundusium ? Who was killed at Mandurise ?
Who was born at Rudire? 7. Describe the position of Lucania, &c. Its
condition after the Roman conquest. 8. What is said of Metapontum, &.C.T
Pandosia ? Sybaris ? How often was it demolished and rebuilt ? By
whom was it finally destroyed ? What does the term Sybarite denote ?
Where did Sybaris lie ? What is said of the water of the Crathis ? 9.
What issaidofPffistum? Elea? Numistro ? Heraclea ? Siris? Pyxus?
11

122 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Italo-Greek colonies assembled. Near Si'ris a battle was fought between
Pyr'rhus and the Romans. Pyx'us was founded by a colony from Messa'na.
At Poten'tia Tibe'rius Grac'chus was treacherously slain.

BRUT'TIA.

10. BRUT'TIA or BRUT'TIUM formed the southernmost division of
Italy. The inhabitants were called the Bru'tii or Brut'tii ; they vrwe
said to have been slaves and shepherds of the Luca'nians, who, in
process of time, became sufficiently powerful to subdue the Greek
colonists.

School of Pythagoras.

11. Croto'na was the most famous city in their part of Italy ; it was long
the residence of Py thag'oras, and here he established his school of philoso-
phy. It was the birth-place of the physician Democe'des, and of Milo, the
wrestler ; the latter was famous for his prodigious strength. Near Cau'lon
the Croto'nians were defeated by the Lo'crians. Tem'esa was noted, in
early times, for its copper mines. Scyla'cium gave name to the Scyla'cian
gulf: on the opposite coast was the gulf of Terina : the space between the
two gulfs was the narrowest part of Italy ; Han'nibal entrenched himself
here against the Romans. Consen'tia was the capital of the Brut'tii. Scyl'la
stood at the entrance of the strait between Sicily and Italy ; near it was the
rock Scyl'la, so dreaded by ancient mariners. Rhe'gium, an important
city, was founded 700 years B. C., by the Greeks : it was often seriously
injured by earthquakes, to which its neighbourhood was subject.

Map No. 4. — What districts lay north and west of Apulia ? What sea
east of Apulia and Calabria ? What sea west of Lucania and Bruttia ?
What gulf between Lucania and Calabria ? What sea east of Bruttia ?
What mountains in Apulia eastward of the Apennines ? On what river was

Potentia? 10. What is said of Bruttia? What were the inhabitants
called? What is said of them ? 11. What is said of Crotona? Who
lived there, &c. ? Who was born there ? What was the latter ? What is
said of Caulon? Temesa? Scylacium, &c. ? Consentia? Scylla? Rhe-
gium?

ITALY. 123

Cannse ? Between what rivers was Sybaris ? What river separated Luca-
nia and Calabria ? What promontories or capes on the coast of Apulia ?
Calabria? Lucania ? Bruttia? Which was the most southern cape of
Italy? Southeastern? What towns lay on the gulf of Passtum ? Laiis ?
Terina? Tarentum ? Scylacian gulf? Where are Cannae and the other
chief towns of Apulia ? Point out the chief towns of Calabria. Lucania.
Bruttia. When were the Romans defeated at Cannae ? At Pandosia ?

48

ITALIAN ISLANDS.

1. SICILY is the largest of the Italian islands; it is also the
largest in the Mediterra'nean sea : from its triangular shape it was
called Trina'cria : it was celebrated for its fertility, and was ac-
counted one of the granaries of the Roman empire. The Phoeni-
cians, and then the Greeks, settled various colonies on its shores.
The Carthaginians afterwards became its masters ; but the Romans,
during the Punic wars, drove them out, and retained possession
of it until the downfall of their empire.

2. Sicily is separated from Italy by 'the Fre'tum Sic'ulum or Sicilian
strait, in which were the whirlpool Charyb'dis and the rock Scyl'la, the terror
of the ancient mariners ; but they are not now reckoned dangerous. In the
eastern part of the island is the noted volcanic mountain ^Et'na, the fabled
forge of Vulcan, and where he employed the Cyclops in forging thunder-
bolts for Jupiter. The giant Typhoe'us was fabled to be buried under Sicily,
his hands being kept down by the promontories Pelo'rum and Pachy'num,
his feet by Lilybffi'um, whilst Mount ^Et'na pressed upon his head.

3. Syracuse, the ancient metropolis of Sicily, was, at one time, accounted
the largest city in the world ; it was founded by the Corinthians B. C. 732 ;
it consisted of five distinct sections, and hence it was called Pentap'olis (the
five cities). Though its territory was circumscribed, its influence over the
neighbouring States was extensive. The Roman general Marcel'lus cap-
tured it, after a siege of three years, B. C. 212. Several distinguished men
were born here, among whom was Archime'des, a most profound genius,
and the most renowned of the ancient geometricians. During the siege he
constructed various machines by which the Syracusans greatly annoyed the
Romans.

4. In the northeast was Messa'na, the birth-place of the historian Euhe'.
merus. Leonti'ni was noted for its wine ; Hyb'la, for its honey. Ge'la
was the birth-place of the poet Apollodo'rus ; near it ^Es'chylus was killed
by an eagle letting fall a tortoise on his head. Agrigen'tum was a renowned
city, and once contained 200,000 inhabitants ; it was the residence of the
tyrant Phal'aris. Heracle'a, surnamed Mino'a, was the reputed birth-place

Q. 1 . What is said of Sicily, &c. ? Of the Phoenicians and Greeks ? Car-
thaginians ? Romans ? 2. What separates Sicily from Italy ? What is
said ofCharybdis and Scylla? What noted mountain? What is said of
Typhoeus ? 3. Describe Syracuse. By whom and when was it founded ?
Of what did it consist, &c. ? What is said of its capture ? Of Archimedes ?
4. What is said of Messana ? Leontini ? Hybla ? Gela ? Agrigentum ?

124 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

of the painter Zeu'xis. Seli'nus was a large and flourishing city ; it derived
its name from the parsley which grew there in abundance.

5. Lilybse'um was a noted stronghold of the Carthaginians ; it was be-
sieged by the Romans for ten years, during the first Punic war. At Drep'-
anum Anchi'ses died ; near it Adher'bal defeated a Roman army. Panor'-
mus was one of the Carthaginian strongholds ; here As'drubal was defeated
by Metel'lus. In My'lse Por'tus or bay the Carthaginians were defeated by
the Roman consul Duil'ius. In the centre of the island was Agyr'ium, the
native town of Diodo'rus Sic'ulus.

6. North of Sicily were the JSo'lian or Vulca'nian islands, the fabled
domains of JE'olus, the god of the winds. Lip'ara, the largest, was noted
for its fine fruits and its mineral waters. Near Drep'anum were the JEga.'-
des islands ; here the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in a great naVal
engagement, which put an end to the first Punic war. North of Hyc'cara
is Usti'ca or Oste'odes, so called from the bones of 6000 mercenaries, aban-
doned there by the Carthaginians to starvation because they were clamorous
for pay.

7. Southward of Sicily was Mel'ita, famous for its wool, and its cotton and
linen fabrics ; here St. Paul was cast away, though some are of opinion that
Mel'ita on the Illyr'ian coast was the scene of the Apostle's shipwreck.
Near Mel ita lay the island of Gau'los.

8. CORSICA and SARDINIA were, next to SICILY, the largest Ita-
lian islands ; they were both settled, at an early period, by Greek
colonies ; the Carthaginians afterwards acquired possession of them,
and subsequently, the Romans ; the latter used Corsica as a place
of exile, and Sen'eca was, for a time, banished thither.

9. Corsica was called Cyr'nos, by the Greeks, and also Cor'si, whence its
name ; it was noted for its extensive woods, and its bitter honey ; the bees
derived the latter from the yew trees, with which the island abounded. The
longevity of the inhabitants was ascribed to their using this, honey as part
of their food. In the time of Pliny, Corsica was prosperous and well peo-
pled. Maria'na and Ale'ria were the chief towns ; some of the others were
Pal'lae, Centuri'num and Urcin'ium ; the latter is now Ajaccio, the birth-
place of the Emperor Napoleon.

10. Sardinia was a rich and fertile island; it yielded large quantities of
grain, wool, and salt. The climate, except among the mountains, was con-
sidered so unhealthy that the Romans seldom kept a standing force there for
any length of time. A species of wild parsley grew in abundance, which,
if eaten, contracted the nerves of the face, producing painful and involuntary
tits of laughter, and often causing death; hence the expression Sardonicus

Heraclea ? Selinus ? 5. What is said of Salybseum ? What occurred at
Drepanum ? What is said of Panormus ? What took place in Mylse Por-
tus ? Who was born at Agyrium ? 6. What islands north of Sicily ?
What is said of Lipara ? The ^Egades ? Ustica ? 7. What lay south of
Sicily? For what was it famous? What occurred there? What is the
opinion of some ? 8. Describe Corsica and Sardinia. Their settlement,
&c. Who was banished to Corsica ? 9. What was it called ? For what
was it noted ? What is said of the inhabitants ? Of the island in the time
of Pliny? Mariana, &c? 10. Describe Sardinia. The climate. What
grew there ? What was its effect if eaten ? What did the Greeks call
Sardinia ? What is said of the inhabitants ? Name the chief towns.

SPAIN. 125

risus, or Sardonic grin, for a horrible or hideous laugh. The Greeks called
this island Ichnu'sa or Sandalio'tis, from the resemblance of its outline to
the shape of a foot or sandal. The inhabitants were the Sar'dii or Sardo'nii,
and gave name to the island. Car'alis, Ol'bia, and Tur'ris Libis'sonis were
the chief towns.

Map No. 4. — Point out the western 'cape of Sicily. The northeastern.
Southeastern. What small islands lay north ? South ? West ? What
two large islands northwest? What mountains in the western part of
Sicily ? In the eastern ? What noted volcano ? How high is it ? Where
is Syracuse ? Messana and the other towns mentioned in the text ? When
was Asdrubal defeated at Panormus ? The Carthaginians at the JSgades
islands ? When was Syracuse taken ? What strait separates Sicily from
the continent ? Where is Charybdis ? Scylla? What parallel of latitude
passes through the northern part of Sicily ? To which of our States does
the northern part of the island correspond ? The southern ? How long and
wide is Sicily ? What strait separated Corsica and Sardinia ? What paral-
lel of latitude passes through Corsica ? Sardinia ? To what part of our
Union does Corsica correspond ? The northern part of Sardinia ? The
southern ? What mountains in Sardinia ? Corsica ? How high are they?
What is the length and width of Sardinia ? Of Corsica ?

49

HISPA'NIA.

1. HISPA'NIA or SPAIN included the whole of the large peninsula
occupied by modern Spain and Portugal. It was called Ibe'ria
from the river Ibe'rus, and Hespe'ria Ultima (the far west) to dis-
tinguish it from Italy, which had once been called Hespe'ria. The
name is supposed to be derived from the Phoenic'ian word for
rabbit, because great numbers of those animals were, at first, found
here.

2. The first known inhabitants were Celts and Ibe'rians,, toge-
ther with the Celtibe'rians, a mixed race, descended from both
nations. The whole were divided into numerous tribes, all of
whom were noted for their indomitable courage. At a remote
period the Phoenicians, and afterwards the Carthagin'ians, estab-
lished colonies in Spain ; and the latter, in process of time, ac-
quired possession of nearly the whole region. The Greeks also
planted several colonies.

3. During the second Punic war, the Romans drove out the Carthaginians,
and divided the country into the two great provinces, Hispa'nia Cite'rior and
Hispa'nia Ulte'rior (Hither and Further Spain). Hence this country was
sometimes called the Two Spains.

Q. 1. What did Hispania include ? What was it called, &c. ? From

what was the name derived ? 2. Who were the first known inhabitants ?

What were they noted for ? What nation established colonies in Spain ?

What did the latter acquire ? The Greeks ? 3. What occurred during1 the

11*

126

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

4. In the time of Augustus, Hispa'nia Cite'rior received the name of Tar-
raconen'sis ; the other province was divided into the provinces of Bse'tica
and Lusita'nia. The first took its name from Tar'raco, the capital ; the
second, from the river Bae'tis ; and the third, from the Lusita'nii, one of its
principal tribes. Hispa'nia was famous for its silver, which was so abun-
dant that the most common utensils were made of it. During the times of
the Romans, 40,000 men were employed in the mines.

5. Spain was the first country beyond Italy that submitted to the Romans,
but its final conquest baffled the efforts of the ablest commanders for almost
half a century. Under the sway of Rome it became populous, and the peo-
ple cultivated learning and the arts with success. The Sen'ecas (father and
son), Mar'tial, Quintil'ian, Lu'can, Mela, and other learned men, were
Roman Spaniards.

6. Tar'raco was the capital of Roman Spain ; it was greatly improved by
the Scipios. Iler'da was noted for its brave defence against Caesar by Afra-
nius and Petro'nius, the lieutenants of Pompey. At Bil'bilis the poet Mar'
tial was born. Os'ca was noted for its public schools, established by Serto'-
rius : here the latter was assassinated by Perpen'na and others, B. C. 73.
Numan'tia, though without walls, and with a very inferior force, bravdy
withstood the Romans for fourteen years.

7. Calagur'ris was besieged by Pompey during the Serto'rian wax, when
the inhabitants were forced to feed on their women and children ; whence
the Romans were wont to call any grievous famine Fames Calagurrita'na.
Quintil'ian was born here. Sagun'tum, a Greek colony, was noted for its
clay, of which beautiful cups were made. The inhabitants were strongly
attached to Rome, and withstood a siege of eight months against Han'nibal,
till, urged by famine, they destroyed themselves in a general conflagration,
B. C. 219. This siege was the cause of the second Punic war.

Roman Aqueduct at Segovia.
8. At Sego'bia a fine aqueduct was built by the Romans ; it still remains,

second Punic war ? How was the country divided ? 4. What was Hispa-
nia Citerior called ? How was the other province divided ? From what
did the first take its name ? The second ? Third ? For what was Hispa-
nia famous ? How many men were employed in the mines ? 5. What is
said of the submission of Spain? What did it become, &c. ? Who were
Roman Spaniards? 6. What is said of Tarraco? Ilerda ? Bilbilis ?
Osca ? Numantia ? 7. What is said of Calagurris ? Who was born there ?
For what was Saguntum noted ? What is said of the inhabitants ? What
did this siege cause ? 8. What is said of Segobia ? Carthago Nova ?

SPAIN. 127

and is one of the best preserved ancient structures extant. It consists of
159 arches, is half a mile long, and 94 feet high. Cartha'go Nova was
founded by As'drubal; from hence Hannibal set out with his army, B. C.
218, on his celebrated Italian expedition. Man'tua is now Madrid, the
capital of Spain. From Carie,orPortusCal'le, the name of Portugal is said
to be derived.

9. Cor'duba was the capital of Bsetica ; the two Sen'ecas, and also Lu'can,
were natives of this place; it was famed for its excellent oil. At Cas'tulo,
Imil'co, the wife of Han'nibal, was born. Ital'icus was the native town of
the emperors Tra'jan and A'drian, and the poet Sil'ius Ital'icus. His'palis
was a Roman colony. Ga'des, on an island of the same name, was founded
by the Tyr'ians, 1500 years B. C., and became a great commercial emporium :
it fell into the hands, first, of the Carthaginians, and then of the Romans.
Cal'pe, a rock, now Gibraltar, was one of the columns or pillars of Her'cu.
les ; Ab'yla, the other, stood on the opposite coast of Africa. At Mun'da
Csesar obtained a victory over Labie'nus and the two sons of Pompey. It
was the last battle in which Ceesar commanded.

1 0. In Lusita'nia was Olisip'po, now Lisbon, the capital of Portugal.
Emer'ita Augusta, the capital of Lusita'nia, was founded by Augustus, and
settled by discharged veterans : it was famous for its scarlet dye, and its
excellent olives. At Nor'ba Ceesare'a was a fine bridge over the Ta'gus,
dedicated to Tra'jan. Some of the other towns in this province were Sala-
man'tica, La'ma, Conim'briga, Scal'abis, Cetob'rigo, Mirob'riga, Pax Ju'-
lia, and Osson'aba, &c.

11. The Balea'res Insult, or Balear'ic Isles, were included in the pro-
vince of Tarraconen'sis. The inhabitants were noted for their skill as
slingers. To render their youth also expert, their food, it is said, was with-
held from them in the morning, until they had hit a certain mark with a
stone. Ma'jor and Mi'nor are now Major'ca and Minor'ca ; Ma'go, the
chief town of the latter, was named after Ma'go, the brother of Hannibal
The Pityu'ssB islands were so called from their pine trees ; Eb'usus was
famous for figs ; Ophiu'sa was infested with serpents.

Map No. 5.— What ocean lies west of Spain ? What sea north ? East ?
What separates Spain from Mauritania? What mountains from Gaul?
Point out the five largest rivers. Their lengths. In what direction do they
flow ? What mountains on the north coast ? On the south ? In the inte-
rior ? State the heights of those that have figures attached to them. Which
was the most northern promontory ? Northwestern ? Western ? Southern?
Eastern ? Southeastern ? Which was the largest province ? T. The
smallest ? B. Point out the provincial capitals. The towns mentioned in
the text. What islands lie east of Spain ? What town corresponded to the
present capital of Spain ? Of Portugal ? Which of our large cities is on
nearly the same parallel as Mantua ? What part of our coast corresponds
in latitude to southern Spain ? What part to the straits of Gades or Hercu-
les ? When did the siege of Saguntum occur ? Of Numantia ? The battla
of Munda ?

Calle? 9. What is said of Corduba, &c. ? Castulo? Italicus? Gades,
&c.? Calpe? Abyla? What took place at Munda? 10. What is said
of Olisippo ? Emerita Augusta ? Norba Csesarea ? Name the other
towns? 11. What is said of the Baleares Insulse? Of the inhabitants?
Their youth ? Major and Minor ? Mago ? The Pityusse islands ? Ebu-
BUS ? Ophiusa ?

128 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

50

GAUL OR GAL'LIA.

1. GAUL or GAL'LIA extended from the Rhine to the Pyrenees,
and from the Bay of Biscay to the Alps. It included the whole
of what is now France and Belgium, with parts of Holland, Prus-
sia, Bavaria, and Switzerland, and was of greater extent than mo-
dern Gaul or France has ever been, except when under the
dominion of Napoleon.

2. By the Greeks this country was termed Celto-Gala'tia, to
distinguish it from Gaia'tia in Asia Minor. The Romans called
it Transalpine-Gaul (Gaul beyond the Alps), in contradistinction
to Cisalpine-Gaul (Gaul within the Alps), which occupied the
northern part of Italy.

3. The earliest inhabitants were Celts ; they were divided into three great
tribes ; the Bel'gse, in the north ; the Cel'tae, in the centre ; and the Aquita'-
ni, in the south. These were again subdivided into many smaller tribes or
clans. They called themselves Gael ; whence the name Gaul or Gal'lia was
derived. The Bel'gse were intermingled, to some extent, with the Germans
of the opposite side of the Rhine : they were noted for their prowess, and
were the most valiant of all the Gallic nations.

4. The Gauls were a warlike and enterprising people ; they once possessed
the whole of northern Italy, sacked Rome itself, and penetrated into Greece
and Asia Minor. Though subdued by Caesar, the greatest of Roman con-
querors, they made a long and obstinate resistance to his arms, and were not
entirely subjected until after a war of ten years' duration, and the loss of
half a million of lives.

5. When first known to the Romans, the Gauls, though still, in many
respects, barbarous, had made some steps towards civilization, and knew
something of the arts. They were, in form and complexion, like the other
Cel'tic nations, and wore their hair of great length ; hence the country was
often called Gal'lia Coma'ta (Long-haired Gaul). At first, the Gauls dis-
dained the use of defensive armour, as being incompatible with true courage,
and even sometimes engaged in battle divested of clothing.

6. Under the Romans, Gaul comprised four great districts or provinces,
called the Four Gauls; namely, Gal'lia-Bel'gica, Gal'lia-Lugdunen'sis or
Cel'tica, Gal'lia- Aquita'nia, and Gal'lia-Narbonen'sis. These were divided
into seventeen smaller provinces.

Q. 1. How far did Gaul extend? What did it include, &c. ? 2. What
was it called by the Greeks, and why ? What did the Romans call it, and
why ? 3. Who were the earliest inhabitants ? How were they divided, &c. ?
What did they call themselves ? What is said of the Belgae ? 4. Describe
the Gauls. What did they possess ? Who subdued them ? How long did
they resist ? How many lives were lost ? 5. What was the condition of the
Gauls when first known to the Romans ? What is said of their form, com-
plexion, &c. ? What was the country often called ? What did the Gauls
disdain ? 6. What did Gaul comprise, under the Romans ? How were the

GAUL, 129

7. The eastern part of Bcl'gica was called Germa'nia Cisrhena'na (Ger-
many within the Rhine), to distinguish it from Germa'nia Transrhena'na or
Magna (Germany beyond the Rhine or Great Germany) ; Gal'lia Narbonen'-
sis was also called Gal'lia Bracca'ta (Breeched Gaul), because the inhabitants
wore a kind of leggings or breeches made of a striped or checkered stuff, like
the tartan of the Scots Highlanders.

8. The chief towns in Bel'gica were Lugdu'num, surnamed Batavo'rum,
to distinguish it from another city of the same name, Augusta- Trevero'rum,
Mogunti'acum, Noviom'agus, Veson'tio, and Colo'nia-Agrippi'na. It ius-
Por'tus was the place at which Caesar first embarked for Britain. Gesori'a-
cum or Bono'nia was one of the nearest ports to the same country, whence
ships were constantly sailing.

9. Lugdu'num, now Lyons, was the principal city in the province of the
same name : it was long an important place. Augustodu'num was cele.
brated for its schools, in which the Gal'lic nobles were educated. Ale'sia
was noted fo. its siege by Caesar. Lute'tia, afterwards Paris'ii, a small
village on an island in the Seq'uana river, is now Paris, the renowned capi-
tal of France. Near Durocatalau'num a sanguinary battle was fought
between the allied Goths and Romans, and the Huns, under At'tila.

10. Burdig'ala, the capital of Aquita'nia, was the birth-place of the poet
Auso'nius. Uxellodu'num was the last city in Gaul that held out against
the Romans. Avar'icum, Argentom'agus, Lapur'dum, Clim'berris, Limo'-
rium, Mediola'num,and Gergo'via, were all towns of note; the latter long
resisted the attacks of Caesar.

Pont du Card.

11. Nar'bo was the capital of Narbonen'sis, and also of the whole of Ro-
man Gaul. Northeast was Nemau'sis, now Nismes, a noted city ; in the vici-
nity is a Roman aqueduct, called the Pont du Gard ; it passes over the small
river Gar'don, and consists of three tiers of arches, in good preservation ; the
upper tier is near 900 feet long ; the whole is 157 feet high. Massil'ia and
Nicae'a were Greek colonies ; the former, now Marseilles, was a celebrated
commercial emporium. A'quse Sex'tioe was noted for its mineral waters, and
also for a great victory gained by the Roman general Ma'rius over the Cim'-
bri and the Teu'tones.

districts divided ? 7. What was the eastern part of Belgica called, &c.
Gallia Narbonensis ? 8. Name the chief towns in Belgica. Where did
Caesar embark for Britain? What is said of Gesoriacum ? 9. What was
Lugdunutn? Augustodunum ? Alesia? Lutetia? What ocurred near
Durocatalaunum ? 10. What was Burdigala? Uxellodunum ? Avaricum,
&c.? 11. What was Narbo ? What is near Nemausis ? Describe the
Pont du Gard. What were Massilia and Nicsea? For what was Aqua*

I

130 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

12. Vienna, Arel'ate, Arau'sio, and Fo'rum Ju'lii were Roman colonies ; to
the first named, king Archela'us, surnamed Herod, was banished by Augustus
for his cruelties ; and, at the last, the emperor Agric'ola was born. Tolo'sa,
now Toulouse, was surnamed Palla'dia because learning was there greatly
cultivated. From Gene'va the Murus Ccesaris (Caesar's wall) commenced.
It was built to restrain the incursions of the Helve'tii. It extended west-
ward about twenty miles. At Mons Seleu'cus the tyrant Magnen'tius was
efeated by Constantius.

Map No. 5.— What sea lay west of Gaul ? South ? What strait sepa-
rated Gaul from Britannia? What river from Germania? What moun-
tains formed the southern boundary ? What mountains lay near the river
Rhenus ? Near the Rhodanus ? What province lay in the north ? West?
What two in the south ? Which were the five chief rivers ? State the
length of each ? Which of these flowed south? In what direction did the
others flow ? Point out the islands Riduna, Sarnia, and Caesarea. These
are now called the Norman islands. Though very near the coast of France,
they belong to Great Britain. What islands lay on the west coast ? Point
out the towns mentioned in the text in Belgica. In Lugdunensis. Aquitania.
Narbonensis. When were the Cimbri and Teutones defeated at Aquae Sex
tae ? When was Attila defeated at Durocatalaunum ?

51

BRITISH ISLANDS.

1. THE British islands comprised Britan'nia and Hiber'nia (now
Great Britain and Ireland), with the smaller isknds attached to
them. Britan'nia was called, at first, Albion, signifying the white
island, and afterwards, Britain. It was the largest island known to
the ancients, and was noted for its tin. It was considered, by the
Romans, as a distinct world by itself.

2. Britan'nia was inhabited by Cel'tic tribes, who resembled the
Gauls in their manners, laws and religion. They subsisted mostly
by hunting and raising cattle, and clothed themselves in skins. To
add to the ferocity of their appearance, they painted their bodies
of a bluish colour. Their habitations were huts made of wicker
work, and covered with rushes.

3. The Britons were remarkable for their stature, exceeding, it was said,
the tallest persons at Rome by half a head. They had blue eyes, and their
hair, like that of the Gauls, was generally of a yellow or reddish hue. Their
priests were Druids, whose persons were held sacred. The bards and pro-
Sextos noted, &c. ? 12. What were Vienna, Arelate, Arausio, &c. Who
was banished to Vienna ? Who was born at Forum Julii ? What is said
of Tolosa ? The Murus Caesaris ? What occurred on Mons Seleucus ?

Q. 1. Describe the British islands. What was Britannia first called ?
Afterwards ? What was it noted for, &c. ? 2. By whom was Britannia
inhabited, &c. ? How did the Britons subsist, &c. ? What is said of their
habitations ? 3. Describe the Britons. What is said of the Druids, &c.?

BRITISH ISLANDS. 131

phets were also highly respected ; the former composed heroic songs in
praise of the chief warriors ; and the latter foretold future events. Besides
the ordinary implements of war, the Britons had armed chariots, which
they managed with great dexterity.

Cesar invading Britain.

4. Britain was not known to the Romans, except by report, until the time
of Cse'sar. That conqueror landed an army on its shores in the year 55 B.
C., and defeated the inhabitants in several battles. He soon, however, left
the island ; but succeeding generals subdued the whole region, as far north
as the Friths of Forth and Clyde. The Romans maintained their pre-emi-
nence until the fifth century, when the decline of their power obliged them
to withdraw their forces from the island, to defend the more vital portions
of their empire.

5. In Cse'sar's time the Britons were united in a political union, of which
Cassivelau'nus was the head. Subsequently, Carac'tacus and Queen Boadice'a
endeavoured to throw off the yoke of their conquerors ; but though they
fought with a courage worthy of success, they could not resist the disci-
plined legions of Rome.

6. The Romans called that part of the island under their government,
Britan'nia Romano'rum (Roman Britain), and the more northern part Britan'-
nia Bar'bara (Barbaric Britain). To resist the invasions of the northern
tribes they constructed, at different periods, three fortified walls, or lines of
forts, across the island. The most northern was built by Antoni'nus, A. D.
140, and was forty-two miles long. The others were only a few yards
apart, and were seventy-six miles long. A'drian's was built A. D. 120, and
that by Seve'rus, the most southern, A. D. 210.

7. Of the thirty tribes of barbarians among whom Roman Britain was
divided, the most considerable were the Brigan'tes, Dam'nii,and Gade'ni, in
the north; the Corita'ni, Ice'ni, Corna'vii, Catieuchla'ni, and Trinoban'tes, in

What did the Britons use with dexterity ? 4. When did Britain become
known to the Romans? What is said of Ceesar ? Of succeeding gene-
rals ? The Romans ? 5. What is said of the Britons in Caesar's time ?
Who endeavoured to throw off the yoke ? What was the result ? fi. What
did the Romans call that part of Britain under their government ? The more
northern part ? What was done to resist invasion ? What is said of the
most northern wall? The others? 7. Which were the most considerable

132 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

the centre; the Can'tii, Atreba'tii, Bel'g8B,and Dumno'nii, in the south; and
the Ordov'ices and Silu'res in Cam'bria.

8. All these tribes acquired, under the sway of Rome, a considerable de-
gree of civilization ; but they had become so unwarlike, that when the Ro-
mans left the island, A. D. 448, they were unable to defend themselves against
the assaults of the Scots and Picts. To maintain their position, the Britons
invited to their aid the An'gli or Angles and Saxons, two renowned German
nations, who repelled the invaders, but seized on the country for themselves,
and drove the Britons into the mountainous districts of Cam'bria or Wales.
They then established the seven distinct kingdoms called the Heptarchy, all
of which were united A. D. 827, under Egbert, king of England.

9. Roman Britain was first divided into two, but afterwards into five pro-
vinces : 1. Valen'tia ; 2. Max'ima Caesarien'sis ; 3. Fla'via Ccesarien'sis ;
4. Britan'niaPri'ma ; and 5. Britan'nia Secun'da. The first comprised Scot-
land as far north as the Friths of Forth and Clyde ; the second, third and
fourth, the northern, central and southern districts of England ; and the fifth
comprised Cam'bria.

10. When the Britons were invaded by the Romans, their few towns con-
sisted of irregular collections of small wicker cottages, enclosed by ram-
parts of logs, and surrounded by a ditch. Londin'ium, now London, was the
largest town : in the days of Tac'itus, A. D. 60, it was noted for its com-
merce. In the third century it was considered the metropolis of Britain.

11. Ebor'acum was an important military post; it was, for a time, the
capital of Roman Britain, and also the residence of the emperors A'drian,
Seve'rus and Constanti'nus Chlo'rus : the two latter died here. Rutu'piae
was the chief landing-place from Gaul ; it was famous for its oysters, which
were sent even to Rome. At Por'tus Lema'nis Cae'sar landed, when he in-
vaded Britain. Du'bris, situated near the narrowest part of the Gal'lic strait,
is now Dover.

12. Camulodu'num was the first colony which the Romans established in
Britain ; it had a theatre and a temple dedicated to the emperor Clau'dius.
Queen Boadice'a was defeated there by Sueto'nius Pauli'nus, A. D. 61.
De'va, now Chester, was a military station ; the Roman walls and fortifica-
tions still exist. A'quse So'lis, now Bath, was noted for its mineral waters.

13. The Cassiter'ides or Tin Islands were noted for their trade in tin,
which was brought, most probably, from the adjacent shores of Britain.
The Romans banished many criminals hither. The boats of the islanders,
in which they braved the roughest seas, were of wicker-work, and covered
with skins or leather. Mo'na Tac'ita, now Anglesey, was the chief seat of
the Druids. Mo'na Cses'aris or Monos'da was nearly equidistant from
Britain and Hiber'nia. Vec'tis In'sulas, now the Isle of Wight, was resorted
to for tin, in which the natives traded.

tribes in the north ? Centre ? South ? In Cambria ? 8. What did the
tribes acquire? What did they become? What did the Britons do?
What is said of the Saxons ? Of the Heptarchy, &c. ? 9. How was Roman
Britain divided ? What did the first comprise ? Second ? Third ? Fourth ?
Fifth ? 10. What is said of the towns ? Which was the largest? When
was it considered the metropolis? 11. What is said of Eboracum ? Who
died there ? What is said of Rutupise ? Portus Lemanis ? 12. Name the
first colony established by the Romans. Who was defeated there ? What
was Deva ? Aquas Soils ? What has been discovered ? 13. For what were
the Cassiterides noted, &c. ? Describe the boats of the islanders. What is
said of Mona Tacita ? Mona Caesaris ? Vectis ?

CALEDONIA. 133

Map No. 5.— What lay north of Britannia? East? South? West?
What sea west of Cambria ? What strait southeast ? What is its modern
name ? How wide is it ? What lay between Britannia Prima and Secun-
da ? Which are the three chief rivers ? What is the length of each ?
What islands lay west ? Southwest ? What island south ? Which was
the largest province ? The smallest ? Point out the tribes. The towns
mentioned in the text. Alata-Castra. Luguvallum. Longovicum. Man-
cunium. Lindum Colonia. Camboricum. Durobrivee and Dubris. What
are the modern names of these towns ? What district was bounded on the
north by the wall of Antoninus ? What by the walls of Adrian and Severus ?

52

CALEDO'NIA AND HIBERNIA.

1. CALEDO'NIA lay north of the rivers Forth and Clyde, and
comprised about three-fourths of the country now occupied by the
kingdom of Scotland. The name is believed to be derived from the
native term Gael Dun (Gael of the mountains, or Highlanders). The
inhabitants were a fierce, warlike race, and resisted with success
all the efforts of the Romans to subdue them.

2. On the west coast were the Ebu'des or Hebu'dae islands, now
the Heb'rides : beyond the northern extremity of Caledo'nia were
the Or'cades, now the Orkneys : still farther north were the Shet-
lands, the snow-covered Thu'le, seen by Agric'ola on his voyage
around Britan'nia ; and, being considered by him the most northern
region of the world, received the appellation Ul'tima.

3. Agric'ola, about A. D. 76, and afterwards Seve'rus, penetrated with
their legions to the foot of the Grampian hills ; and the former fought a
great battle there, with the Caledo'nians, under the command of GaJ'gacus,
a noted chief, in which he was not without difficulty defeated.

4. About the same time, the fleet of Agric'ola explored the shores and
islands of this part of Britain, and, for the first time, determined it to be an
insular region. The remains of various roads and stations, constructed by
the Romans, still serve to trace their progress northwards, in their attempts
to subdue the Caledo'nians.

5. The interior of the country was covered with dense forests, of which
the most rioted was the Caledo'nia Sil'va ; it stretched across the island from
southwest to northeast, and was a great resort for wild beasts. Bears were
frequently caught in it, and sent thence to Rome, to be exhibited and de-
stroyed in the bloody spectacles of that city. t

6. About the middle of the fifth century the Caledo'nians first received the
names of Picts and Scots ; the latter, called also Dal'riads, emigrated from

Q. 1. Describe the position of Caledonia. What did it comprise ? What is
said of the name ? The inhabitants ? 2. What is said of the Ebudes islands,
&c. ? The Orcades ? What lay farther north ? 3. What is said of Agri-
cola and Severus ? What did Agricola do ? 4. What was performed by
his fleet ? What is said of the remains of roads, &c. ? 5. Describe the
interior of the country. The Caledonia Silva. What animals were caught
there, &c. ? 6. What occurred about the middle of th% fifth century ?

12

134 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

the north of Ireland, settled on the western coasts of Caledo'nia, and finally
gave their name to the country. The Pic'ti or Picts (painted), so named
because they painted their bodies on going to battle, inhabited the eastern
districts. Their country was called Pict'land, until Kenneth Macalpine,
becoming sovereign of both nations, A. D. 843, assumed the title of king of
Scotland. When the Romans finally left the island, the Picts and Scots
ravaged the southern provinces with fire and sword, until driven within their
own frontiers by the Angles and the Saxons.

HIBER'NIA.

7. HIBER'NIA, now Ireland, was, next to Britain, the largest
island known to the ancients. The Phrenic'ians and Greeks be-
came acquainted with it at an early period : the latter called it
Ier'ne% and also Juver'na. The Romans called it Hiber'nia (winter
land), because when first known to them, they imagined it to be
constantly covered with ice and snow. The native name is Erin,
which signifies the West.

8. Though the Romans never invaded Ireland, yet they acquired so much
information concerning it from the traders who visited its shores, that we
find the map of that country by Ptol'emy to be less defective than the one
which he made of Scotland. Ancient writers mention various tribes resi-
dent in Hiber'nia, as well as the towns in which they dwelt. Of the former
nothing is known but their names : among the towns, Ebla'na is supposed
to be Dublin ; Re'gia Al'tera, Limerick ; Mena'pia, Wexford ; Du'num,
Downpatrick ; Re'gia, Clogher, &c.

9. The inhabitants are, by some, supposed to be descended from a colony
of Mile'sians, who emigrated from Spain about 500 years B. C. ; but others
believe that they were of Cel'tic origin, and passed over from Britain, '.Fh^j
Sco'ti or Scots, one of the chief tribes, occupied the northern part of tlid
island ; and from them it received, for a time, the name of Sco'tia ; having
emigrated to Caledo'nia, they eventually united with the Picts, and formed,
with them, one nation.

10. During the fifth century, the Christian faith and literature were intro-
duced into Ireland by St. Patrick, and contributed greatly to its peace and
prosperity ; learning was now encouraged, and many monasteries were
founded, the inmates of which became noted over almost all Europe for
their piety and knowledge. Some of the most noted scholars at the courts
of the Saxon kings, as well as at that of Charlemagne, were Irish'.

11. The Danes or Normans, during the height of their power, ravaged
the shores of Ireland, and conquered all the eastern coast, making Dublin
their capital. About the year A. D. 1000, Brian Boru or Brian the Great

What is said of the Scots ? Of the Picts ? Their country ? Kenneth
Macalpine ? What took place when the Romans left the island ? 7. What
was Hibernia? What is said of the Phoenicians, &c.? What did the
Greeks call the island ? The Romans ? What was their idea of it ? What
is the native name, &c. ? 8. What did the Romans acquire ? What is said
of Ptolemy ? What is mentioned by ancient writers? What is said of the
tribes ? The towns ? 9. What opinions are entertained of the origin of
the inhabitants ? What is said of the Scoti or Scots ? To what country
did they emigrate, &,c.? 10. What occurred during the fifth century?
What was the result ? What is said of learning, &c. ? Of some of the
most noted scholars? 11. What is said of the Danes? What was their

«
SCANDINAVIA. 135

expelled the northern invaders, and, uniting together the various petty States,
became king of all Ireland. In the following century, however, the island
was divided into five discordant kingdoms. The English now gained a
footing in the island j they conquered a considerable portion of the country,
and their king, Henry II., assumed the title of Lord of Ireland.

Map No. L— What ocean west of Caledonia ? East ? What sea north?
Point out the Ebudes. The Orcades. Thule. This name the ancients
gave to the most northern country with which they were acquainted. It
was applied to different regions in the north. The Thule of Agricola was
Shetland ; the Thule of Pytheas was not so positively known ; some sup-
posed it to be Norway, and some Iceland. What ocean west of Hibernia ?
To what part of America does Hibernia correspond ? The Orcades ?

Map No. 5. — What sea lies between Hibernia and Cambria ? Between
Britannia and Hibernia ? What island in the Hibernian sea ? Point out
the towns mentioned in the text. What is the name of the largest river in
Hibernia ? Point out the Boreum Pr. Notium Pr. What are their mo-
dern names ? What is the length and width of Hibernia ?

53

SCANDINA'VIA AND GERMA'NIA.

1. SCANDINA'VIA or SCAN'DIA comprised Sweden, Norway, and
Finland. It was so imperfectly known to the ancients that they
believed it to consist of several islands in the Coda'nus Si'nus or
Baltic Sea. Some authors include Denmark in Scandina'via, but,
in ancient times, it was usually considered to belong to Germany.

2. The earliest known inhabitants were the Hillevi'ones, the
Gu'tse, and the Sui'ones, in Sweden ; the Sit'ones, in Nerigo'nia
or Norway ; the Fin'ni, in Finnin'gia or Finland ; and the Scri'to-
Fin'ni, probably in Lapland. The latter were noted for the ra-
pidity with which they traversed the frozen surface of their country
on skates or snow-shoes.

3. The Hillevi'ones were a numerous people. The Gu'tse were afterwards
called Goths ; they wore long hair and beards, and dressed in furs. The
Sui'ones were skilful navigators, and had many ships ; among the Sit'ones,
the sovereign power was frequently conferred on females. Pyth'eas, an
ancient navigator, twice visited the shores of this region, which he called
Thu'le : he is believed, by some, to have explored the coast as far as the
North Cape of Europe ; but others are of the opinion that he did not pro-
ceed beyond the Baltic.

capital? What occurred about A. D. 1000? Of what did Brian Boru
become king ? What occurred in the following century ? What is said
of the English ? Of Henry II. ?

Q. 1. What did Scandinavia comprise? What did the ancients believe
it to consist of? What is the opinion of some authors in regard to Den.
mark, &c ? 2. Who were the earliest inhabitants ? What is said of the
Scrito-Finni ? 3. What is said of the Hilleviones ? The Gutse ? Suiones ?
Sitones? Of Pytheas? 4. By what people was the Chersonesus Cimbrica

136 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

4. The Chersone'sus Cim'brica, now Jutland and Sleswick, in
Denmark, was inhabited by the Cim'bri, and the adjacent islands
by the Teu' tones : these two nations, about a century before Christ,
penetrated to Gaul and Italy, and made the Romans tremble for
the safety of their capital ; but they were at length defeated and
driven back to their own territories by the consul Ma'rius.

5. All the foregoing tribes, both of Scandina'via and Cim'brica, were very
similar to the Germans, in dress, appearance, and manners, and were
equally fierce and warlike. On the decline of the Roman power, these tribes,
under the names of Goths, Vandals, Her'uli, Lom'bards, &c., left their frozen
regions, and, with the other rude nations of that time, assisted in devastating
and dismembering the empire.

6. During the ninth and tenth centuries, under the command of their
Vikingr or Sea kings, they ravaged, with their piratical fleets, all the coasts
of Europe, from the Baltic to the Adriatic sea. At that period they were
known by the name of Normans, Danes, and Easterlings. They founded
the kingdom of Naples and Sicily, in Italy, and established the duchy of
Normandy, in France. Many of the Danes settled in England, and three
of their princes became kings of that country ; but they were expelled
thence by the renowned Alfred, and other British sovereigns.

GERMA'NIA OR GERMANY.

7. GERMANY extended from the German ocean and the river
Rhine, eastward, to the Vistula ; and from the Baltic, southward,
to the Danube.* By way of distinction, it was often called Ger-
ma'nia Magna (Great Germany), and also Germa'nia Transrhena'-
na (Germany beyond the Rhine). The name was derived from
the word Ghar-man, which signifies a warrior.

8. Ancient Germany contained some vast forests, of which the
Hercyn'ian, the largest, extended from the Rhine to the Vistula,
or sixty days' journey in length. The country was occupied by
numerous independent tribes, who were sometimes at variance
with each other, but they generally united against foreign invasion,
and often formed powerful confederacies.

9. The principal tribes were the Istsev'ones, the Hermi'ones, the Ven'dili,
the Cherus'ci and the Chau'ci ; of these, sometimes one tribe was predomi-
nant, and sometimes another. Among the smaller tribes, in later times,
were the Saxons and the Angli, the progenitors of the Anglo-Saxon nations ;

inhabited ? The adjacent islands ? What is said of these two nations ?
5. To what people were the foregoing tribes similar ? What occurred on
the decline of the Roman power ? 6. During the ninth and tenth centuries ?
By what name were they known? What did they found? Establish?
What did three of the Danish princes become ? 7. How far did Germany
extend ? What was it called by way of distinction ? From what was the
name derived, &c. ? 8. What did ancient Germany contain, &c. ? By
what was the country occupied ? What is said of these tribes ? 9. Which

* Vindelicia, RhaBtia, Noricum, and Pannonia were included in Germany previous to then
conquest by the Romans.

GERMANY. 137

the Franks, of the French, &c. From the Aleman'ni the French name Al-
lemagne, for modern Germany, is derived.

10. The Roman writers describe the Germans as the fiercest and bravest
of all the tribes of barbarians. A robust frame and gigantic stature, with
bright blue eyes and deep yellow hair, were the prevailing characteristics
of these people. Inured to cold and fatigue, they scorned every restraint —
considered independence as the most precious blessing, and war as the most
manly occupation.

11. Their tents or movable huts were dispersed singly, or a few together,
over the country ; there were no cities, and no permanent buildings, except
at the places where the Romans had forts and stations. Women were
treated, by the Germans, with great respect, and even something of a sacred
character was attached to the sex. The memory of their renowned heroes
and ancestors was highly venerated, and songs were sung, at the national
feasts, in their praise. The government was a pure democracy ; all public
affairs were determined in a general assembly of the people, in which every
man, able to carry arms, was entitled to a vote.

12. The Germans were almost the only people who resisted the Romans
with success, when at the height of their power. In the year A. D. 9, the
army of Va'rus, after a battle of three days, was entirely destroyed by Ar-
min'ius or Her'man, a chief of the Cherus'ci.

13. Caesar, Dru'sus, German'icus, and other noted captains, acquired
glory and renown by their victories over the Germans ; but the Romans
were never able to make any permanent impression, and considered them-
selves fortunate if they could preserve inviolate the boundary of the Danube
and the Rhine. During the fifth century, these long-guarded barriers were
passed, and the German nations overran the western empire, carrying their
conquering arms as far as Spain and Portugal.

Map No. 1. — What ocean lay west of Scandinavia ? What sea northwest ?
What promontory north ? What gulf east ? This part of the ocean is, in
ancient geography, called indifferently a gulf and a sea; another name for
it, besides the one in the maps, was Mare Suevicum, or Sea of Suevia.
Where is Nerigonia ? What mountains in it ? Point out Finningia.
What gulf south? Point out the tribes mentioned in the text. When did
Py theas sail along the shores of Scandinavia ?

Map No. 5. — What ocean west of Chersonesus Cimbrica ? What gulf
;ast? What nations south ? What promontory north ? What nations in-
labited this peninsula? The islands east? What ocean northwest of Ger-
many ? Sea north ? Country east ? River west ? South ? What coun-
tries lay around Germany ? What rivers flow into the German ocean ?
Into the Codanian sea ? Into what sea does the Danube flow ? What is
the length of these rivers ? What mountains in Germany ? How high are
the Sudetic? Near what rivers was Varus defeated? When did that
event occur ?

were the principal tribes, &c. ? The smaller tribes ? 10. How did the Ro-
man writers describe the Germans ? What were their prevailing character-
istics, &c. ? 11. What is said of their tents, cities, &c.? The women?
Their renowned heroes ? Describe the government. 12. What is said of
the Germans, in regard to the Romans ? What occurred A. D. 9 ? 13. What
is said of Ceesar, &c. ? What were the Romans unable to do, &c. ? What
took place in the fifth century ?

138 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

54

HELVETIA, VINDELIC'IA, RILE'TIA, ETC.

1. HELVE'TIA, a wild, mountainous region, comprised the chief
part of what is now Switzerland ; it was inhabited by the Helve'-
tii, a bold and warlike people, of Cel'tic origin. The women were
noted for their courage ; they often engaged in battle, and fought
side by side with their husbands, fathers, and brothers.

2. After many desperate contests with the natives, Caesar at length sub.
jected Helve'tia to the dominion of Rome, and included it in his government
of Gaul. Subsequently several Roman colonies were established, of which
Tur'icum and Aven'ticum were the chief.

VINDELIC 'lA.

3. VINDELIC'IA or RH^E'TIA SECUN'DA, as it was sometimes
called, lay between the Danu'bius and GE'nus rivers. It comprised
a part of what is now Bava'ria, Wir'temberg, and Ba'den.

4. The lake Briganti'nus, now lake Constance, was partly in this territory
and partly in Rhge'tia and Helve'tia. On this lake Tibe'rius built a, fleet,
when at war with the Vindelic'ians. Augus'ta Vindelico'rum, the capital,
was a Roman colony, and was a town of considerable importance. Regi'na,
on the Danu'bius, was a strong fortress.

RH^E'TIA.

5. RH^E'TIA lay southward of Vindelic'ia, and included portions
of the region now occupied by Switzerland, the Tyrol, and mo-
dern Italy ; the upper sections of the rivers Rhe'nus, CE'nus, and
Ath'esis traverse and water the country. The chief mountains
were the Rhse'tian Alps.

6. When first attached to Rome, it included Vindelic'ia ; but it was after-
wards divided into Rhae'tia Pri'ma and Rhae'tia Secun'da. The inhabitants
both of Vindelic'ia and Rhas'tia were originally Etrus'cans, who fled from the
Gauls when that nation invaded Italy. They were subjected to Rome by
Dru'sus and Tibe'rius Nero. Triden'tum, Erigan'tia, and Cu'ria were the
chief towns.

NOR'ICUM.

7. NOR'ICUM comprised the chief part of the present Austrian
provinces of Upper and Lower Austria, Carinthia, and Styria. It
was watered chiefly by the Dra'vus and Mu'rus rivers, and was

Q. 1. What did Helvetia comprise ? By whom was it inhabited ? What
is said of the women? 2. Who conquered Helvetia? What was then
established ? 3. What is said of Vindelicia ? What did it comprise, &c. ?
4. What is said of lake Brigantinus ? Of Augusta Vindelicorum ? Re-
gina ? 5. What is said of Rhaetia ? What rivers traverse the country ?
6. What did it include when first attached to Rome ? What was it after-
wards divided into ? What is said of the inhabitants ? Name the chief

NORICUM, PANNONIA, ILLYRICUM. 139

oounded on the north by the Danube. It was conquered by the
Romans in the time of Augustus.

8. This country was noted for its iron and steel ; weapons, made of the
latter, were in high repute, and the term " Nor'icus ensis" was used for a
sword-blade of remarkable temper. Boiodu'rum, the capital of the Boi'i,
was situated at the mouth of the (E'nus ; Lauri'acum, on the Danube, was
the station of a Roman flotilla.

PANNO'NIA.

9. PANNO'NIA was bounded on the north and east by the river
Danube ; west by No'ricum, and south by Illyr'icum. It was
divided into Panno'nia Superior and Inferior. The inhabitants
called the Panno'nii were of Cel'tic origin ; they were attacked by
the Roman?, during the reign of Augustus, but they were not
subdued until the time of Tibe'rius.

10. Panno'nia comprised that part of Hungary which lies west of the
Danube, with portions of the provinces of Lower Austria, Styria, Croatia,
and Sclavo'nia. Vindobo'na (now Vienna) and Curnun'tum were both impor-
tant towns ; Aquin'cum was the station of a Roman legion ; at Sir'mium
the emperor Pro'buswas slain. Mur'sa was the station of the lower Danu'-
bian fleet; near it Magnen'tius was defeated by Constan'tius. Sopia'na
was the birth-place of the Emperor Maximi'nus, and Cib'alis of the Emperor
Gra'tian ; at the latter Licin'ius was defeated by Con'stantine.

ILLYR'ICUM OR ILLYR'IA.

11. ILLYR'ICUM lay along the eastern shore of the Adriat'ic sea,
and extended southward from Nor'icum and Panno'nia. At one
period it bordered on Epi'rus ; but the lower districts were added
to Macedo'nia by Philip, the father of Alexander, and obtained the
name of Illyr'icum Grse'cum ; the remainder was then called Bar-
baric Illyr'icum ; but, on its conquest by the Romans, the name
was changed to Illyr'icum Romano'rum.

12. The southeastern ranges of the Alps extend through the interior of
the country, and the coast, for a distance of 350 miles, is studded with nume-
rous islands. Dalmatia and Libur'nia were the chief divisions ; the former
still retains its ancient name. The Libur'nians were skilful ship-builders ;
their fast-sailing galleys were used by Augustus to great advantage, in the
memorable battle of Ac'tium.

13. Se'nia was a Roman colony, between which and Pola there was con-
towns. 7. What did Noricum comprise, &x. 1 8. For what was it noted, &c. 7
What is said of Boiodurum ? Lauriacum ? 9. Describe the boundaries of
Pannonia. How was it divided? Of what origin were the Pannonii?
What is said of their conquest ? 10. What did Pannonia comprise ? Name
the important towns. What is said of Aquincum ? The other towns ?
11. What is said of Illyricum, &c. ? Who included a part of it in Macedo-
nia ? What was the bitter called ? The remainder ? To what was the name
changed? 12. What mountains extended through the interior? What is
said of the coa»t and its islands ? Which were the chief divisions ? What
were the Liburmans? 13. What is said of Senia? Who wa* wounded at

140 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

stant intercourse. At the siege of Met'ulum, Octavius Caesar was wounded,
Scardo'na was the chief city of Libur'nia. Salo'na was the capital of Illyr'-
icum ; it was the birth-place of the Emperor Diocle'tian, who, after his
abdication, retired to Spala'trum, in the neighbourhood, and built there a
splendid palace. Epidau'rus was a Roman colony : Sco'dra was the resi-
dence of the Illyr'ian king Gen'tius.

14. The Illyr'ians were noted robbers and pirates, and treated their pri-
soners with great cruelty ; they were frequently at variance with the Mace-
donians, and afterwards with the Romans, by whom they were conquered
about 200 years B. C. They were a kindred people with the Thracians :
both nations, at an early period, tattooed their skins, and were similar in
most of their barbarous manners and customs.

Map No. 5. — What river north of Helvetia? What lake northeast?
What river bounds Vindelicia, Noricum, and Pannonia on the north ? Pan-
nonia on the east ? Into what river do the (E'nus, Dravus, and Savus rivers
flow ? In what mountains do they take their rise ? What lakes in Pari-
nonia ? What country north of Helvetia, Vindelicia, and Noricum ? North
and east of Pannonia ? South ? What towns lay on the Danubius river ?
On the Dravus ? Savus ? What sea west of Illyricum ? What countries
cast ? What country north ? South ?

Map No. 4. — What islands extend along the coast of Illyricum ? What
was the northern group called ? The middle ? Southern ? Which is the
largest island of each group ? The most southern ? This island is, by
some, supposed to have been the scene of the apostle Paul's shipwreck, but
the general opinion is in favour of the Italian Melita.

55

MCE'SIA, DA'CIA, SARMA'TIA, ETC.

1. MCE'SIA comprised the country which lay between the Da-
nu'bius or Is'ter river, and the Hae'mus mountains ; it extended
westward from the Eux'ine sea to the river Dri'nus, and corre-
sponded to the modern provinces of Ser'via and Bulga'ria.

2. This region was inhabited, at an early period, by the Scyth'-
ians and the Ge'tae. It once formed a part of the dominions of
Philip of Macedon, and afterwards of the Romans. The western
division was called Superior or Upper, and the eastern, Inferior or
Lower Mce'sia.

3. The Dri'nus, Mar'gus,and CEs'cus are, after the Danube, the principal
rivers. The Hse'mus mountains, which formed the southern boundary,
were so called from Hoo'mus, a Thracian king, who was changed to a

Metulum ? What is said of Scardona ? The other towns ? 14. What is
said of the inhabitants, &c. ? To what nation were they similar ?

Q. 1. What did Moesia comprise ? To what modern provinces did it
correspond ? 2. By what nations was Mresia inhabited at an early period ?
Of what did it once form a part ? Afterwards ? Name its divisions. The
principal rivers. What is said of the Hoemus mountains ? The chief

DACIA, SARMATIA. 141

mountain for aspiring to divine honours. Nicop'olis, one of the chief towns,
was built by Tra'jan, to celebrate his victories over the Da'cii. Sardica was
famous for a council of the church. Nais'sus was the native place of
Con'stantine the Great. Marcianop'olis was named after Marcia'na, the
sister of Tra'jan. To'mi, on the Eux'ine sea, was the town to which the
poet Ov'id was banished.

D A'CIA.

4. DA'CIA was an extensive country, situated to the northward
of the river Is'ter ; it was about 550 miles from east to west, and
400 from north to south. It included the chief part of what is
now Hungary, with Transylva'nia and Walla'chia.

5. The inhabitants were, for a long period, formidable enemies to Rome,
but were at length conquered, in the early part of the second century, by
the Emperor Tra'jan. He established a number of Roman colonies in Da'-
cia, which existed until the country was overrun by the Goths, and other
barbarians.

6. The Pons Traja'ni (Trajan's Bridge) was built by Tra'jan across the
Is'ter, on his expedition into Da'cia : it was a fine substantial structure,
about two-thirds of a mile in length ; its ruins may still be seen. It was
broken down by the Emperor A'drian out of envy, under the pretence that it
favoured the incursions of the barbarians. Ul'pia Traja'ni, the Roman
capital, was a colony established by Tra'jan: the chief of the other towns
were Ulpia'num, Utid'ava, Axiop'olis, Ap'ulum, &c.

SARMATIA.

7. SARMA'TIA was an extensive region, which stretched from
the Coda'nus Si'nus, or Baltic Sea, to the river Rha, and from the
Cau'casus and the Pa'lus Mseo'tis to the Northern Ocean : it com-
prised the whole of Poland and European Russia, and was divided
by the river Tan'ais into European and Asiatic Sarma'tia.

8. The Sarma'tians comprised many tribes, the whole of whom led a
wandering life, plundering all who fell in their way. Like many other
savages, they painted their bodies, on engaging in battle, to make their ap
pearance as hideous and terrible as possible. Most of the Sarmatian tribes
lived under tents, but some lived in wagons ; hence they were called Ha-
maxob'ii ; and some, it is said, fed on milk mixed with the blood of horses.

9. The Chersone'sus Tau'rica, now the peninsula of the Crime' a, was, in
early times, inhabited by the Cimme'ri, and afterwards by the Tau'ri, a
people noted for their cruelty to strangers ; all who fell into their hands were
sacrificed to a virgin goddess that they worshipped.

towns? Of Sardica? Naissus? Marcianopolis ? Tomi ? 4. Describe
Dacia. Its extent. 5. What is said of the inhabitants ? When and by
whom were they conquered ? What did Trajan establish in Dacia, &c. ?
6. What is sitid of the Pons Trajani ? What did Adrian do? What is
said of Ulpia Trajani? The other towns ? 7. Describe Sarmatia. What
did it comprise ? How was it divided ? 8. Describe the Sarmatians. Their
habits. Mode of life. Food. 9. What nations inhabited the Chersonesus

142 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

10. On the coasts of the Eux'ine sea and the Pa'lus Mceo'tis numerous
colonies were founded by the Greeks. Crem'ni, on the Pa'lus Maoo'tis, was
the place where the Am'azons are said to have landed when they quitted
Asia Minor, on their route to Scyth'ia. Chersone'sus was long the seat of
the flourishing republic formed by the people of Heracle'a, a Greek State on
the opposite shores of the Eux'ine Sea. Tan'ais, Ol'bia,and Panticapse'um
were all noted cities ; at the last named Mithrida'tes the Great died.

HYPERBO REAN REGIONS.

11. HYPERBO'REAN was the name given by the ancients to the
unknown regions of the north, or, more properly, to a nation or
country beyond the dominion of the wind Bo'reas. They de-
scribed that part of the earth as the abode of darkness and the
realm of shades ; yet, at the same time, by a singular incongruity,
they imagined it to contain the paradise of the sun, and the resi-
dence of the blessed,

12. The inhabitants of these fabled regions were reported to live in a de-
lightful climate, to enjoy a happy temperament of mind and body, and to
attain to the age even of a thousand years. No disease affected them ; but,
without labour and without care or strife, they lived happily and enjoyed
the favour of the gods.

13. As the north became better known, the country of the Hyperbo'reans
was placed more and more remote. Some sought it east of the Hyper-
bo'rean mountains, in the centre of Asia ; while others thought it lay west-
ward of that range. The entire hypothesis originated, probably, in the
traditions of the golden age, when man existed in primeval happiness, and
enjoyed those blessings of existence, the remembrance of which was trans,
mitted from generation to generation, among the nations of the ancient
world.

Map No. 5. — What river separated Mcesia and Dacia ? Below the mouth
of the Savus river this stream was called the Ister ; above it, the Danubius.
What sea east of Mcesia and Dacia? What mountains south of Moesia ?
What formed the western boundary ? Point out the towns named in the
text. What country lay north of Dacia ? West ? What river formed
its southern and western boundary? Eastern? What rivers ran into the
Ister ? The Euxine sea ? What people inhabited Dacia ? What mountains
in the north ? What river separated Sarmatia from Germany ? From
Scythia ? Asiatic Sarmatia ? Dacia ? What Sarmatian rivers flowed into
the Codanian sea ? The Euxine ? Palus Majotis ? Caspian ? How long
are each of these rivers ? Point out the BastarnjE. Jazyges and other Sar-
matian tribes. Point out Panticapisum. The other towns in Taurica.

Map No. 1. — Where are the Hyperborean regions placed ? Hyperborean
mountains ? What is the modern name of this range ?

Taurica ? For what were they noted ? 10. What people founded colonies
on the Euxine sea, &c. ? What is said of Cremni ? Chersonesus? Tanais?
Olbia ? PanticapsRum ? What mom.rch died at the latter place ? 11. What
is said of the name Hyperborean ? How did the ancients describe that part
of the earth ? What did they imagine it to contain? 12. What is said of
the inhabitants, &c. ? 13. What is said of the regions of the north, &c. ?
In (vhat did the hypothesis originate ?

BARBAROUS NATIONS, 143
56

THE BARBAROUS NATIONS WHICH DESTROYED
THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

1. FOR more than five hundred years the sway and influence
of Rome was predominant in the civilized world ; but, about the
end of the fourth century, its power began visibly to decline ; a
succession of barbarous tribes from the North and the East then
commenced their inroads on the empire, and in the course of the
succeeding hundred and fifty years they overthrew the Roman
power, and changed entirely the condition of the civilized world.

2. Of these nations, the most powerful were the Goths, the Huns, and the
Vandals; among- the less important were the A'lans, Gep'ida? and Her'uli;
besides whom were the Lom'bards, Burgun'dians, Sue'ves, An'gli and Sax'-
ons, Franks, Aleman'ni, &c. All these nations were ferocious and warlike ;
in their incursions they spared neither age nor sex, and inflicted on the
countries they ravaged the most terrible calamities.

3. The Goths were first settled in Scandina'via, but they left that
country, and founded an extensive kingdom in Sarma'tia. About
A. D. 370, internal dissensions divided the nation into Ostro or
Eastern, and the Visi or Western Goths. Being driven from their
possessions by the Huns, the Os'trogoths settled in Panno'nia, and
the adjacent regions, while the Vis'igoths proceeded southward
and invaded Greece and Italy.

4. Al'aric, their noted leader, was the least barbarous of all the conquer-
ors who ravaged the Roman empire. He commanded, A. D. 395, the
Gothic auxiliaries who were united with the Romans under Theodo'sius to
repol the Huns, then about to invade the western empire. This alliance
disclosed to Al'aric the weakness of the former masters of the world, and
inspired him with the resolution of making war upon them, and conquering
their remaining territories.

5. The dissensions of the Romans soon enabled the Goths to invade Italy
with success ; they traversed the entire peninsula, from one end to the
other, and captured Rome three different times ; first in 408, when Alaric
was induced to spare the city, on receiving a ransom of 5000 pounds of gold,
and 30,000 pounds of silver, besides a large amount of other valuables.

6. The city was again taken in 409, and then in 410. At the last cap-
ture it was given up, to plunder for-'six days, but all the churches, and most of
the works of art ^&re spared. Al'aric died the same year. The Romans
celebrated this event with publip'rejoicings, but the work of desolation was

Q. 1. Whajj.is&iid of Rome' andjjfe influence? Its decline? What then
occurn d ?. 2,'Which were tli^Bjolst powerful barbarous nations ? The less
powerful?'" What others are named? 3. What is said of the Goths? Their
divisions ? 4. Of'Alaric ? <rWhat did this alliance disclose ? 5. What is
said of the Ronri&s ? The fir'St' Capture of Rome ? 6. The second and third ?
Wheu did :4Qtiric die ? Whjat did the Romans do in consequence ? 7. What

> :r

144 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

soon renewed, as the barbarians had learned the road to Rome. Al'aric had
taught them the weakness of the former queen of the world.

7. After his death the Vis'igoths established themselves in Gaul, and then
in Spain, where they were conquered by the Moors. Roderic, their king
(called the last of the Goths), was killed A. D. 712, in battle against that
people. The Os'trogotfas invaded Italy A. D. 489, and defeated Odoa'cer,
king of the Her'uli, who had become king of Italy. Theod'oric, the Os'tro-
gothic ruler, then assumed the title, and founded a new kingdom, which
existed about sixty years.

8. The Huns or Hun'ni were a Scythian nation from the banks
of the river Rha or Volga: dissensions among themselves in-
duced great numbers of them to emigrate westward. In their
progress they encountered the Alans and the Goths, whom they
drove before them ; they then traversed various countries, produc-
ing, by their numbers and aggressions, a general movement among
the rude nations resident along the frontiers of the Roman empire.

9. Their ferocious ruler, At'tila (the Scourge of God, as he called himself),
was the terror of his age. In the course of a few years he extended his
power from the Caspian to the Adriatic sea. The emperors of the East <tnd
the West paid him tribute, and many of the Van'dals, Os'trogoths, Gep'idip,
and Franks served under his banners.

10. At'tila advanced, A. D. 450, to the banks of the Rhine, for the pur-
pose of invading Gaul, when whole forests were cut down to furnish boats
for transporting his immense host of 700,000 men across that stream. At
Durocatalau'num, now Chalons, he was routed by a confederate Roman and
Gothic army, when 200,000 of the Huns were slain. At'tila, however, soon
recruited his forces ; he then invaded Italy, and was about to march
towards Rome, but was diverted from his purpose. His death, which oc-
curred A. D. 453, put an end to the incursions of the Huns ; they retired
eastward to the Pa'lus Moeo'tis, and their name became lost to history.

11. The Vandals (Wanderers) crossed the Baltic from Scandina'-
via into Germany, and emigrated thence to Sarmatia ; returning to
Germany they joined the Alans and the Sueves in an invasion of
Gaul, and then of Spain, where they founded an important State.
The territory on which they settled, in, that country, was called
Vandalit'ia, now changed to Andalu'sia.

12. From Spain many of the Vandals passed over into Africa, and estab-
lished an extensive kingdom. From hence their king, Genes'eric, invaded
Sicily and Italy and captured Rome, A. D. 455. In that city his army
committed such outrages, that the term Van'daiism has become proverbial
for any wanton display of barbaric atrocity. On the death of Genes'eric,
the power of the Vandals in Africa was overthrown by Belisa'rius.

occurred after the death of Alaric ? What is said of the Ostrogoths ? Of
Theodoric? 8. Of the Huns? Their dissensions ? Progress? What did
their numbers, &c. produce ? 9. What is said of Attila ? What sovereigns
paid him tribute? What nations served under his banners? 10. What is
said of the invasion of Gaul ? Of Attila's defeat? What did he do then ?
To what did his death put an end ? 11. Describe the course of the Vandals.
What was their territory in Spain called, &c. ? 12. What did many of the
Vandals do ? What is said of Geneseric ?

BARBAROUS NATIONS. 145
57

1. THE Alans were an Asiatic nation, and resided near the Cas-
pian Sea ; being attacked by the Huns, they retired westward, and
in A D. 407 joined the Vandals and Sueves in their invasion
of Gaul and Spain. The Alans then settled in Lusitania, and
were afterwards incorporated with the Vis'igoths. The Sue'ves, a
German nation, united with the Alans and Vandals, in the before-
mentioned invasion, when, separating from their confederates, they
settled in the northwestern districts of Spain.

2. The Aleman'ni and the Franks comprised powerful confederacies of
German tribes, rather than distinct nations. The Franks (Freemen), A. D.
400, passed the Rhine into Gaul, drove out the Romans, and founded the
present kingdom of France. Their king1, Clovis the Great, crowned him-
self with his own hands, at Rheims, A. D. 496. The Aleman'ni (or All
Men, as the name implies) overran various parts of the empire, and had
many conflicts with the Romans ; they afterwards settled both on the east
and west sides of the Rhine, but were expelled from the latter by Clovis.

3. The Gep'id® left Scandina'via, and settled first on the river Vistula,
and then on the Tan'ais. Becoming tributary to the Huns, many of them
accompanied At'tila into Gaul and Italy : after his death they resided in
Da'cia and Illyr'ica, and were finally destroyed by the Lombards.

4. The Her'uli emigrated from Scandina'via to the vicinity of the Pa'luu
Maeo'tis ; but, after the death of At'tila, they returned westward, made
repeated attacks on the empire, and deposed the last emperor, Rom'ulus
Augus'tulus. Their ruler, Odoa'cer, then became the first king of Italy, A.
D. 4.76, from which period is dated the end of the western empire.

5. The Burgun'dians, a nation from the banks of the Vistula, invaded
Gaul about A. D. 410, and established the kingdom of Burgundy, which
was afterwards incorporated with the French monarchy. The Lombards
(Longobardi, or Long beards) were of Scandinavian origin ; they crossed the
Baltic, established themselves first on the Vistula and then on the Danube,
whence they invaded Italy, and founded the kingdom of Lombardy.

6. The Angles and Saxons were warlike German nations, whom the
Britons invited to their aid against the Scots and Picts. They landed A. D.
449, under the command of Hengist and Horsa, repelled the aggressors, and
then turned their arms against the Britons, whom they conquered after a
war of 120 years' duration. During this period the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms,
called the Heptarchy, were .established. From the Angles the name Angle-
land, now England, is derived.

7. During the seventh century the Saracens or Arabs, the followers of
Mahomet, commenced their career of conquest. In A. D. 712 they passed
from Africa into Spain (where they were called Moors), overthrew the

Q. 1. What is said of the Alans? Their union with the Vandals and
the Sueves ? Describe the course of the Sueves. 2. What is said of the Ale-
manni, &c. ? Of the Franks ? Of Clovis ? What course did the Alemanni
pursue? S.WhatissaidoftheGepidm? 4. Of the Heruli ? Who did they
depose ? What did Odoacer become ? 5. What is said of the Burgundians ?
The Lombards? 6. The Angles and Saxons? What name was derived
from the Angles ? 7. Describe the progress of the Saracens. When were
13 K

146 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

kingdom of the Vis'igoths, and established a Mahometan empire, which in-
eluded the whole peninsula, except the province of Asturias. This State
existed until the time of Columbus, when the Moors were driven from Spain
by Ferdinand, the husband of Isabella.

8. The Danes and Normans or Northmen inhabited Denmark and Norway,
and lived chiefly by piracy. About A. D. 800 they began their incursions
by sea, spreading terror and desolation along nearly all the coasts of Europe
for more than a hundred years. The Normans, at length, founded a new
kingdom in Italy, and a new duchy in France, and three of the Danish kings
became successively sovereigns of England.

9. The Danes and Normans were the last of the barbarous nations of the
dark ages. At the period when their depredations ceased, the various little
States which rose on the ruins of the Roman empire, had gradually merged
into a few great monarchies, which, in the general outline, have continued
to the present day.

10. The feudal system was now gradually introduced over the greater
part of Europe. The king, being regarded as the owner of the territory he
governed, divided the lands amongst his lords and barons ; the latter, pos-
sessing almost despotic sway within their own limits, reduced the people
to a state of comparative slavery or vassalage, waged numerous private wars
against each other, and practised various robberies and extortions.

11. During this turbulent period, all refined arts and pursuits languished,
and ignorance was general ; men of the highest rank were unable to read
or write, and the limited degree of knowledge then existing was confined to
the monasteries, and known only to their inmates, the monks and the clergy.

12. The institution of chivalry, which arose during the feudal ages, by
introducing a higher sense of honour and a refinement of manners before
unknown, operated favourably upon the world. The Crusades, also, those
memorable expeditions to the East, undertaken for the conquest of the Holy
Land, though accompanied with much extravagance of conduct and loss of
life, tended, on the whole, to the improvement of European society.

13. In later ages a succession of remarkable events, the overthrow of the
feudal power, the revival of learning, and the invention of printing, have
produced wonderful improvements among all the nations of Europe ; their
intercourse with each other is much more liberal and enlightened; the
ferocity of war has been diminished ; the arts and sciences generally carried
nearer to perfection, and the great mass of the people placed in a position
far above what the same class occupied in ancient times.

Map No. 12. — Which three nations were Asiatic? Which were Scandi-
navian ? German ? What nations crossed the sea to Britain ? What
nation to France ? The Mediterranean ? What nations crossed the Baltic ?
The Straits of Gibraltar ? What three nations formed a union in Germany ?
Where did they separate ? What nation came from beyond the river Rha ?
Beyond the Tanais ? The Nile ? What seven kingdoms did the Angles
and o^Awus luuim in Britain ? N. M. E.-A. E. S. K. W.

they driven from Spain ? 8. What is said of the Danes and Normans ? When
did they begin their incursions, &c. ? 9. What were the Normans, &c. ?
What was the state of things, in Europe when their depredations ceased ?
10. What is said of the feudal system ? The king ? The lords, &c. ? Con-
dition of the people ? 11. Describe that period. Men of rank. The degree of
knowledge then existing, &c. 12. What is said of chivalry and its effects ?
The Crusades? Their tendency ? 13. What occurred in later ages? What
did these events produce, &c. ?

SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

INTRODUCTION.

1. SACRED GEOGRAPHY is a description of those parts of the
earth that are mentioned in the Scriptures of the Old and New Tes-
tament. It refers more particularly to Palestine or the Holy Land,
and may be said to commence with the creation of the world.

2. Like all the nations of antiquity, the Israelites conceived the
surface of the earth to be an extensive plain, " over which the
heavens were spread like a curtain ;" beneath was supposed to be
a deep pit, " the abode of darkness and of the shadow of death."

3. The Greeks, Phoenicians and other early nations, regarded the earth
as comprising one great island, surrounded on every side by the ocean ; but
nothing is known as to the views of the Hebrews on that point. To the
west, the remotest object for them was the sea, with its isles afar off; but
to the east, where land was seen indefinitely extending, they formed the idea
of an inland termination of the earth, without being able to attach to it any
precise limits.

4. The great divisions, Europe, Asia and Africa, are not men-
tioned in the Bible. Asia is spoken of in the New Testament, but
is believed to refer to the Roman proconsulship or province of
Asia, which occupied the western part of Asia Minor.

5. Several parts of Europe are named in Scripture, but, except as con-
nected with the illustration of the travels of the apostle Paul, that part of
the world has scarcely any connection with sacred geography. Egypt,
^Ethio'pia, and other African countries are spoken of in the Old Testament,
and Lib'ya or Cyre'ne in the New, but no general name for Africa seems to
have been known.

6. Being ignorant of the great oceans, the Israelites regarded the Medi-
terra'nean as the largest collection of water existing, and hence called it the
Sea or Great Sea. The other seas known to them were the Red Sea, the
Dead or Salt Sea, and the Sea of Galilee. The two last, though called seas,
n Scripture, are properly lakes.

7. The Euphrates and Hid'dekel, both mentioned in the description of the

Q. 1. What is sacred geography ? To what does it refer, &c. ? 2. What
did the Israelites conceive ? What was supposed to be beneath the earth ?
3. How did the Greeks and others regard the earth? What were the
opinions of the Hebrews with respect to the west? The east ? 4. What ia
said of the great divisions? Of Asia? 5. Of Europe? Egypt, &e.?
6. How did the Israelites regard the Mediterranean ? What other seas

(147)

148 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

garden of Eden, Gen. ii. 14, are the only large rivers expressly named m
the Bible that are now known. The first, which still bears, with us, the same
name, the Hebrews called, by way of eminence, " the Great River," Deut.
i. 7, and considered it to be one of the grand boundaries of the earth. The
Hid'dekel is now called the Tigris. The Nile is not positively mentioned,
but is alluded to, in Scripture, as "the river," Gen. xli. 1. The Gihon and
Pison, rivers of Eden, are unknown ; some authors suppose the first to be
the Araxes, and the other, the Phasis of classical geography.

8. The nations residing in the immediate vicinity of the children of Is-
rael were the Philis' tines, the people of Tyre and Sidon, and southern Syria
the Am'monites, the Mo'abites, the E'domites, the Amal'ekites and the Mid'-
ianites ; farther distant were Egypt, the districts of Central and Southern
Arabia, and Northern Syria; still more remote were the Assyrians, the
Babylo'nians or Chalde'ans, the E'lamites or Persians, the Medes, and the
JSthio'pians. Tar'shish, O'phir, and the Isles, Gog, Magog and the North,
are also alluded to by the Hebrew writers, as placed at the farthest limits
of their knowledge. India was not known to the Israelites until the time
of the Babylonish captivity.

9. The only credible account which we have of the origin of
the world is contained in the Bible ; there we are informed, that
when the Lord God had created man, he placed him in the garden
which he had planted eastward in Eden, to dress it and to keep
it : this garden was also called Paradise, and here our first parents
lived in a state of happy innocence, until they were driven from it
for disobeying the commands of their Creator.

10. The situation of the garden of Eden is unknown, and various opinions
are held respecting it^ some believe that it was in that part of Asia in which
the Euphrates, the Tigris, and several other rivers take their rise ; some
near the confluence of those streams ; and some still farther eastward. The
Hindoos say that the spot that was occupied by the garden of Eden is now
the delightful valley of Cashmere.

11. The first occupations in which men engaged were husbandry and
pasturage. Cain was a tiller of the ground, and Abel a keeper of sheep.
Subsequently, music and the working of metals were discovered ; and, doubt-
less, all the common mechanic arts were practised. The Land of Nod (Gen. iv.
16), to which Cain retired after the death of Abel, was on the east of Eden,
here he founded the first recorded city, and named it Enoch, after his first-
born son. Here, also, he became the progenitor of a reprobate race, called,
to distinguish them from the rest of mankind, the Children of Men.

were known to them ? 7. What is said of the Euphrates and Hiddekel ? What
did the Hebrews call the firvt ? What is said of the latter ? The Nile ? The
Gihon, &,c. ? 8. What nations resided in the vicinity of the children of Israel ?
Farther distant? Still more remote ? What is said ofTarshish, &c. ? India?
9. What is said of the origin of the world ? Where did man first reside ?
For what purpose was he placed there ? What was the garden of Eden
also called, &c. ? 10. What is said of its situation? What opinions are
held respecting it ? 11. What were the first occupations of men ? What
was Cain ? Abel ? What was invented subsequently ? What is said of
the land of Nod ? What did Cain found here ? What did he also be-
come?

SETTLEMENT OF THE EARTH. 149

SETTLEMENT OF THE EARTH AFTER THE FLOOD.

1. THE flood or universal deluge, which occurred 1656 years
after the creation, or 2348 years B. C., is the most remarkable
physical event that has occurred within the knowledge of man.
This awful catastrophe covered the surface of the whole earth with
a waste of waters, rose above the highest mountains, and swept
away and destroyed every living creature except those that were
saved in the Ark.

2. It is believed, by some, that the earth, at the time of the flood, was very
populous ; and we learn from the sacred records, that the inhabitants had
become so wicked, that the Almighty determined to destroy all mankind,
except the few individuals composing the family of righteous Noah.

3. As the waters of the flood subsided, the Ark rested on the summit of
Mount Ar'arat, supposed to be the high mountain in Arme'nia that has
always borne that name ; but, by some, it is imagined to have been an ele-
vation in that lofty range in which the Indus, the Ganges, and other great
rivers have their rise.

Noah's Sacrifice.

4. Noah and his family left the ark, and descended into the
plains at the base of the mountain, about a year after the com-
mencement of the deluge. Here the venerable patriarch built an
altar, and offered up sacrifices unto the Most High. And God
blessed Noah and his sons, and made a covenant with them that
the earth should never again be destroyed by a flood, and set his
bow in the cloud as a token of the covenant. (Gen. ix. 13.)

Q. 1. When did the flood occur ? What is said of it? 2. What is be.

lieved by some ? What do we learn from sacred record ? 3. What is said

of the ark? Of Mount Ararat ? 4. When did Noah and his family leave

the ark? What then did Nwah do? What did God make with Noah?

13*

150 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

5. In the course of the first century after the flood, the descendants of
Noah had, no doubt, wandered to a considerable distance from their first
settlement, at the foot of Mount Ar'arat. At this time, " the whole earth (or
mankind) was of one language and of one speech," Gen. xi. 1, and "as
they journeyed from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shi'nar ; and
they dwelt there."

6. And they said one to another, "let us build a city, and a tower whose
top may reach unto heaven ; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered
abroad upon the face of the whole earth." But their projects were, doubtless,
contrary to the divine will, for the Lord confounded their language, so that
they could not understand one another's speech. " So the Lord scattered
them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth : and they left off to
build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel."

7. About this time (2233 years B. C.), Nimrod, the grandson of Ham,
" began to be a mighty one in the earth," and is called the mighty hunter
before the Lord ; Gen. x. 8. He is supposed to have been the first warrior,
and probably the first conqueror who substituted the monarchical for the
patriarchal form of government. He founded the kingdom of Babel or
Babylon. Contemporary with him were Asshur, who established the Assyr'-
ian, and Miz'raim, the second son of Ham, who laid the foundations of
the Egyptian monarchy.

8. Noah, the second father of mankind, was about 600 years
old, at the time of the flood, and from his three sons the whole of
the human race are descended. Ja'pheth was the eldest son of
Noah ; Shem the second ; and Ham the youngest.

9. The posterity of Ja'pheth are supposed to have peopled Europe and the
northern regions of Asia. Gomer, his eldest son, is thought to have been
the ancestor of the Celtic nations ; Magog, of the Scythians ; Javan or Ion,
of the lonians and the other Greeks.

10. Elisha, Tar'shish, Kit'tim,and Dod'anim were grandsons of Ja'pheth.
By these, we are told, that the isles of the Gentiles were divided or settled.
The regions alluded to were doubtless the islands of the Mediterra'nean sea,
as well as the almost insular regions of Spain, Italy, Greece, and perhaps
Asia Minor. According to the prediction of Noah, God has enlarged Ja'-
pheth ; his descendants have for ages comprised, and do now comprise, the
most powerful nations in the world, and his posterity exercises dominion
over more than one-half the globe.

11. To Shem and his sons, it is probable, that the nations of the central
and southern parts of Asia owe their origin. E'lam was the ancestor of the
E'lamites or Persians; Lud, of the Lyd'ians; and Aram, of the Arame'ans
or Syrians. From Arphax'ad, who settled in Mesopota'mia, the Hebrews
and Arabians derived their descent through Abraham. The early posterity

5. What probably occurred during the first century after the flood ? What
was tne state of the earth at this time, &c. ? 6. What did they say one to
another ? What is said of their projects ? What was the result ? 7. What
is said of Nimrod ? How many years is it since he lived ? Who were
contemporary with him ? 8. What is said of Noah ? Of his three sons ?
Which was the oldest son? The second? The youngest? 9. What is
said of the posterity of Japheth ? Who was the ancestor of the Celtic
nations? Of the Scythians ? The Greeks? 10. Who were grandsons of
Japheth? What regions did they settle? What is said of the predictions
of Noah, &c.? 11. What is said of Shem and his sons? What did the

ORIGIN OP THE ISRAELITES. 151

uf Shem seem generally to have adopted a pastoral life; and, in a portion
of his family, the true worship of God was preserved for many ages, while
all the rest of mankind were sunk in heathen idolatry.

12. The descendants of Ham comprised some of the earliest civilized
nations of the world ; Egypt, Lib'ya, ^Ethio'pia, Ca'naan, Phoenic'ia, and the
southern and eastern parts of Arabia were peopled by them. Babel or
Babylon was also founded by Nimrod, the grandson of Ham. All the
nations of this family were, at an «arly period, noted for their wickedness
and devotion to idolatry, and have generally sustained greater political
changes than those descended from the other sons of Noah.

Map No. 6. — Point out Mount Ararat. Shinar. Assyria. Babylonia or
Chaldea. (This country was called, at first, Babel.) Egypt or Mizraim.
These countries were the first, of which we have any account, that were
settled by the descendants of Noah. Babel or Babylon, Erech, Accad and
Calneh, built by Nimrod ; and Nineveh, Rehoboth, Calah, and Resen, built
by Asshur ; were the first cities that were founded after the flood.

3

ORIGIN OF THE ISRAELITES, ETC.

1. THE Hebrews, Israelites or Jews are the descendants of the
patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob : they were called Hebrews
from Eber or Heber,* the great grandson of Shem, from whom
Abraham was descended ; afterwards they obtained the name of
Israelites, from Jacob or Israel. On their return from Babylonish
captivity the term Jews, from Judah, was adopted, and has been in
use until the present time.

2. This remarkable race was selected by God himself, almost 4000 years
ago, as a chosen people, who might preserve his worship undefined by the
idolatry of the surrounding nations, and transmit his ordinances to their
posterity ; but, in consequence of their sins, they were long since driven
from their own land, and dispersed amongst all the nations of the earth.

3. Abram or Abraham, the ancestor of the Hebrews and the
Arabians, was born at Ur of the Chaldees, a town in Pa'dan A'ram
or Mesopotamia, about 2000 years B. C., and was descended, in
the eighth generation, from Shem, the second son of Noah.

4. Though he lived amongst an idolatrous people, he carefully refrained
from joining in their worship, and was a bright example of faith and piety.

early posterity of Shem adopt ? 12. What did the descendants of Ham
comprise, &c. ? What were the nations of this family noted for ?

Q. 1. From whom are the Hebrews descended ? From whom were they
called ? What is said of their other names ? 2. On what account was this
remarkable race selected ? What took place in consequence of their sins ?
3. What is said of Abram ? 4. What is said of his conduct ? Of his obe-

* Some suppose that the Hebrews received their name because they came from beyond the
jver (Euphrates) : the word Hebrew signifies to pass over.

152 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

In obedience to the command of God, he left Haran, where he resided with
Terah, his father, and removed to Canaan, that he might behold a country
that his descendants should inherit after him. (Gen. xii.) This emigration
is known as the " Call of Abraham ;" it took place when he was about
seventy-five years of age, and in the year 1921 B. C.

5. Abraham resided in several parts of Canaan, but chiefly in the South,
near to Hebron, and also at Gerar and Beer'sheba. Here he became rich in
gold, silver, and cattle, and had a numerous household. He had at this
time two sons, Ishmael, the progenitor of the Arabians, and Isaac, his heir.
The latter, at the divine command, he took to the top of Mount Moriah* for
the purpose of offering him up in sacrifice ; but God, having tried the faith
and obedience of Abraham, provided a victim in place of the pious youth.
(Gen. xxii.)

Abraham and Isaac on Mount Moriah.

6. The venerable patriarch died at the age of 175 years, and was buried
with his wife Sarah, in the cave of Machpe'lah, near Hebron, by his sons
Isaac and Ishmael ; the former resembled his father in his faith and steadfast
obedience to the will of God, and resided in the same part of Canaan. Hia
son Esau was the ancestor of the E'domites, while Jacob, whose name was
afterwards changed to Israel, was the father of twelve sons, from whom the
twelve tribes of Israel descended.

7. The sale of Joseph, the beloved son of Israel, as a slave, by his en-
vious brethren, to the Ishmaelites, and his providential elevation, by which
he became " ruler over all the land of Egypt," led to the removal of his
father, then 130 years old, with his family, into that country, to escape the
grievous famine that prevailed about the year 1706 B. C., in the land of
Canaan. Here they settled, in the land of Goshen, a rich pastoral district
on the eastern side of the Nile.

dience to the command of God ? When did his emigration occur ? How
old was Abraham at this time ? 5. What is said of his residence in Canaan ?
Of his sons ? What occurred to Isaac ? 6. What is said of the age and death
of Abraham ? Where was he buried ? What is said of Esau ? Jacob ?
7. What is said of Joseph ? To what did his elevation in Egypt lead ?
Where did the Israelites settle ? 8. What were the Egyptians ? What is

* Mount Moriah is supposed to have been the hill on which Solomon afterwards built the
temple at Jerusalem.

EGYPT AND ARABIA PETR^EA. 153

8. The Egyptians were a grossly idolatrous people ; yet the descendants
of Jacob, though living amongst them, preserved the worship and knowledge
of the true God, and grew and multiplied greatly. In process of time, a
new king arose, who knew not Joseph, who had no regard for his services,
and no respect for his kindred ; be therefore reduced the Israelites to slavery,
and employed them in making brick and in building cities.

9. At length Moses, the adopted son of Pharaoh's daughter, was raised
up by God to deliver the Israelites from their cruel bondage, and to lead
them back to Canaan, the land promised to Abraham as their inheritance.
After many wonderful miracles had been wrought by Moses, they were
finally delivered from slavery, and left the land of Egypt.

10. The country lying eastward of Lower Egypt, and extending
from the Red Sea to the land of Canaan, is the region in which the
children of Israel resided for forty years, after their departure from
Egypt. It forms a part of Arabia Petraea, and was the scene of
many noted miracles and events, which, notwithstanding the lapse
of ages, continue to excite the attention of all civilized nations.

11. It is a dry, sterile region, composed of sandy deserts, rocky valleys,
and rugged mountains, and is almost destitute of water. The desert or
wilderness of Paran comprises a large portion of it, of which* the section that
lies between the eastern and western gulfs of the Red Sea is usually called
the Isthmus of Mount Sinai.

12. The principal mountains are Mount Sinai, Mount Horeb, Mount Hor,
and Mount Seir. Horeb is one of the peaks of Sinai. On Mount Hor,
Aaron, the brother of Moses, was buried. Mount Seir or Edom was the resi-
dence of the children of Esau ; westward of the latter dwelt the Amalekites,
who fought against the children of Israel during the early part of their journey.

13. Mount Sinai consists of two peaks ; the most eastern is about 6000
feet high, and bears the name of Sinai ; the other is Mount Horeb : the
former, in ancient times, was often called the Mount of God ; at present the
Arabs call it Jebel Moosa, the Mountain of Moses. There has been, for a
long time, a Christian monastery on Mount Sinai, which, for fear of the
Arabs, is entered by a door -that is placed at a distance of thirty feet from
the ground. Visitors, provisions, &c. are drawn up in a basket attached to
a strong rope. The convent is inhabited by about thirty monks.

Map No. 6. — Point out Padan Aram. Ur. Haran. Canaan. — Map No.
8.— Point out Shechem or Sichem. Beth-el. Ai or Hai. Hebron. Beer-
sheba. Gerar. These are the places mentioned in Scripture at which
Abraham resided in the land of Canaan. Where is the Cave of Machpe-
kh I—Map No. 7.— Point out Egypt. The Red Sea. The peninsula formed
by its two gulfs. Point out Mount Sinai. Mount Horeb. Mount Hor.
Mount Seir. The wilderness or Desert of Paran.

said of the descendants of Jacob ? What took place in process of time ? To
what did he reduce the Israelites? How were they employed? 9. What
is said of Moses ? What was the result of the miracles wrought by Moses?
10. What is said of the country east of Egypt? Of what was it the scene,
&c. ? 11. Describe this region. What does the Desert of Paran comprise ?
12. Which are the principal mountains ? What is said of Mount Horeb?
Mount Hor? Mount Seir? 13. Describe Mount Sinai, &c. What was
it called in ancient times ? What is its present name ? What has been
for a long period on Mount Sinai ? What is said of it ? Visitors, &c, ?

154 SACKED GEOGRAPHY.

JOURNEYINGS OF THE ISRAELITES THROUGH
THE WILDERNESS.

1. THE Children of Israel left the land of Egypt in the year
1491 B. C., after a sojourn of 215 years ; reckoning from the
time that Jacob and his family first took up their residence there.
In that period they had increased, from a family of 70 persons, to
upwards of 600,000 men, with their wives and children.

2. In order to prove his people, the Lord did not lead them
immediately to the promised land, but directed their march into
the wilderness or desert ; and, during their wanderings, they dwelt
in tents, in which the tribes were arranged in the manner shown
in the engraved plan of the encampment. (See Map No. 7.)

3. Departing from Ram'eses, a city in the land of Goshen, in Egypt, they
journeyed to Suc'coth, and thence to E'tham, where the pillar of a cloud by
day, and the pillar of fire by night, first appeared to direct their march.
Passing onwards to Pi-hahi'roth, they arrived on the coast of the Red Sea,
opposite to Baal-ze'phon.

4. There its waters were miraculously divided, and the Israelites marched
across as on dry land ; but the king of Egypt and his army, who pursued
them, in attempting to follow, were overwhelmed by the waters of the sea,
and were all drowned. (Exod. xiv. 27.)

5. At Ma'rah, the first encampment east of the Red Sea, the waters that
were bitter were made sweet. Proceeding to E'lim, the Israelites found
twelve wells of water and seventy palm trees. * They next pitched their tents
by the sea-shore, and thence journeyed through the wilderness of Sin, where,
for the first time, they were supplied with quails and manna ; a miracle
that was continued, without intermission, except on the Sabbath days, until
they entered the land of Ca'naan. (Exod. xvi. 13, 14.)

6. From the Desert of Sin, passing by Doph'kah and A'lush, they reached
Reph'idim, where there was no water, at which the people murmured ; but
Moses, being directed by the Almighty, obtained a miraculous supply by
striking the rock, in Ho'reb, with his rod ; the place was hence called Mas'-
sah and Mer'ibah. Here the Amal'ekites attacked the Israelites, but they
were defeated by Joshua with the chosen men of the host. (Exod. xvii.)

7. In the vicinity was Mount Si'nai, on the summit of which the law,
containing the Ten Commandments, was given by God himself, to Moses,
amid the thunderings and lightnings and quaking of the Mount. Here

Q. 1. When did the Israelites leave Egypt? How many years since that
period ? What is said of their sojourn ? Increase ? 2. What did the Lord'
do to prove his people ? How did they dwell in their wanderings ? 3. From
what city did they take their departure, &c. ? What first appeared at
Etham ? Where did they cross the Red Sea ? 4. What is said of that
event ? Of the king of Egypt, &c. ? 5. What was done at Marah ?
What is said of Elim ? What took place in the wilderness of Sin ? 6. At
Rephidim ? Horeb ? 7. What occurred at Mount Sinai ? What did

JOURNEYINGS IN THE WILDERNESS. 155

Aaron, while Moses was absent on the mount, made the golden calf; here,
also, the tabernacle was first set up ; and here Moses was visited by his
father-in-law, Jeth'ro. (Exod. xviii. and xix.)

Moses on Mount Sinai with the Tables of the Law.

8. From Mount Si'nai the Israelites proceeded northward, towards Ca'-
naan. Passing by Tab'erah, Kib'roth-hatta'avah, Haze'roth and Rith'mah,
they arrived at Ka'desh-Bar'nea. From hence Moses sent out spies to view
the land of Ca'naan, who, on their return, reported the inhabitants to be war-
like and powerful. The Israelites, terrified at this account, murmured
against Moses; it was, in consequence, decreed by God that all who were
then twenty years old and upwards should die in the wilderness, except
Caleb and Joshua. (Num. xiv.)

9. After a long sojourn at Ka'desh-Bar'nea, during which the rebellion of
Ko'rah, Da'than, and Abi'ram took place, the host of Israel proceeded to
Rim'mon-parez, and thence, in succession, to Lib'nah, Ris'sah, Kehel'athah,
Mount Shaph'er, Har'adah, Makhe'loth, Ta'hath, Ta'rah, and various other
places, to E'zion-ga'ber, at the head of the eastern gulf of the Red Sea.
From this station they marched through the wilderness of Zin to Ka'desh-
Mer'ibah, where Mir'iam, the prophetess and sister of Aaron, died. Here
Moses again obtained water for the people, as at Ho'reb, by striking a rock.

10. Proceeding to Mount Hor, Aaron also died, and was buried at Mo-
se'ra, on the summit of the mount, in the fortieth year after the departure
from Egypt. Journeying from Mount Hor to Zalmo'nah, the Israelites were
plagued by fiery serpents, and many died of their bites ; the rest were cured
by looking on a brazen serpent, which Moses was directed to set up.
(Numb, xxi.)

1 1. From Zalmo'nah they marched by Pu'non, O'both, Ije-ab'arim, Di'bon-
gad and Al'mon-diblatha'im to Ja'haz, where Si'hon, king of the Am'orites,
opposed their progress ; but his army was totally routed, as was also that of
the giant Og, king of Ba'shan, who was defeated at Ed'rei.

Aaron do ? By whom was Moses visited here ? 8. What took place at
Kadesh-Barnea ? What did the spies report? What was the result?
9. Who rebelled at Kadesh-Barnea, &c. ? . Where did Miriam die ? What
did Moses do at Kadesh-Meribah ? 10. Who died at Mount Hor ? Where
was he buried? What occurred at Zalmonah, &,c. ? 11. What king was
routed at Jahaz ? At Edrei ? 12. What did Moses after that ? Where

156 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

12. While the Israelites remained on the east side of Jordan, Mose*
having taken a solemn farewell of the people, and chosen Joshua to be their
leader, went up to the top of Pisgah to view the land promised to Abraham,
Isaac, and Jacob, and there, at the age of 120 years, he died. (Deut. xxxiv.)
Moses was the most renowned of lawgivers and prophets, and the most
highly favoured among the sons of men, in his intercourse with the Deity,
whom he knew face to face.

13. In the year 1451 B. C., forty years after the departure from Egypt,
the Israelites crossed the Jordan on dry land ; its rapid waters being divided
for their passage. (Josh, iii.) This event, with the miraculous capture of
Jericho, filled the Canaanites with terror and dismay ; yet it was not until
after a contest of six years' duration that they were finally subdued.

May No. 7. — Where is Egypt? The land of Goshen? Rameses ? Point
out the track of the children of Israel to the Red Sea. To Mount Sinai ?
To Kadesh-Barnea. Ezion-gaber. Kadesh-Meribah. Mount Hor. Zal-
monah. Jordan river. Jericho. Where is Canaan ? Edom ? Amalek?
Moab? Ammon? The kingdom of Sihon ? Of Og? See engraved
plan, "Form of the camp of the Israelites." What occupied the centre of
the camp ? What was in the court ? What tribes lay on the east side of
the camp ? West ? North ? South ? Where were the tents of Moses and
Aaron ? Of the Gershonites ? Kohathites and Merarites ? The three
last named were families of the Levites or priests appointed to perform the
service of the tabernacle.

THE LAND OF CA'NAAN, ETC.

1. THE region which the Israelites conquered under the com-
mand of Joshua was called, at first, the Land of Ca'naan, from the
son of Ham, whose posterity settled in it at an early period. (Gen.
x. 6.) It was afterwards called the Promised Land, because it
was promised to Abraham and his posterity (Gen. xvii. 8) ; and
the Land of the Hebrews, from Eber, the ancestor of Abraham
(Gen. xl. 15.)

2. Other names applied to it were the Land of Israel, from Ja-
cob or Israel (1 Sam. xiii. 19) ; the Holy Land, from being the
land of God's chosen people (Zech. ii. 12) ; the Land of Judah or
Judea, from the tribe of Judah (Is. xix. 17) ; the Lord's Land (Hos.
ix. 3) ; and the Land of Palestina or Palestine* (Is. xiv. 29).

did he die ? How old was he ? What is said of him ? 13. What took

plate forty years after the departure from Egypt ? What is said of this event?

Q. 1. What is said of the region conquered by the Israelites? What

was it afterwards called ? 2. What other names were applied to it ?

* Palestine was originally the Greek name for the Land of the Philistines, a small country in
the southwest part of the Lund of Israel ; it is now more generally used than any other, except,
perhaps, the term Holy Land.

THE LAND OF CANAAN, ETC. 157

3. The first known inhabitants were the Avim, the Horites or dwellers in
caves, the Reph'aim or giants, the An'akims or sons of Anak, and some
others. All these nations were either driven out of the country by, or be-
came embodied with, the Ca'naanites. The latter founded a number of little
republics, of which thirty-one were conquered by Joshua.

4. The Ca'naanites comprised the Sido'nians or Phoenic'ians, the Hit'tites,
Jeb'usites, Am'orites, Gir'gashites, Hi'vites, Ark'ites, Si'nites, Ar'vadites,
Zem'arites and Ham'athites. These were the families descended from the
eleven sons of Ca'naan. The first six tribes occupied what was afterwards
the land of Israel ; the remainder resided farther north. The Per'izzites
(wanderers) are supposed to have settled here at a later period than the
Ca'naanites : they were also conquered by Joshua ; but a remnant of them
existed until the reign of Solomon.

5. Before the time of Abraham, many of the Ca'naanites worshipped the
true God, but afterwards they all became gross idolaters, offered human
sacrifices to their idols, and made their children pass through the fire to
Moloch. Their possessions were therefore bestowed on the Israelites, in
fulfilment of the promise made to Abraham (Gen. xii. 7), and also because
of the denunciation uttered against Ca'naan and his posterity. (Gen. ix. 25.)

6. Besides the Ca'naanites, there were, immediately adjoining the Land of
Promise, several nations, by some of whom the Israelites were, at times,
greatly oppressed. These were the Syr'ians, the Philis'tines, the Amal'e-
kites, the E'domites, the Am'monites, the Mo'abites, and the Mid'ianites.
These nations were spared from extermination in order to prove Israel, but
most of them were finally subdued by David and Solomon. The Sido'nians
were never conquered by the Israelites, and the Philis'tines, though for a
time under their dominion, continued to be a distinct people until the days
of Judas Maccabae'us.

7. The Israelites took possession of the Land of Ca'naan be-
tween the years 1451 and 1445 B. C. At that time they num-
bered upwards of 600,000 men over twenty years of age (Numb,
xxvi), besides Le'vites ; from which data it is certain that the entire
population was not less than two and a half millions. When Jo'ab
numbered the people, by David's command, there were in Israel
800,000 warriors, and 500,000 in Judah (2 Sam. xxiv. 9), besides
tributaries and slaves ; the Hebrew nation, therefore, at that time,
must have amounted to near six million souls.

8. The tribes of Israel, before they had a king, formed twelve separate
republics, each having specific bounds, and each preserving its own chiefs
and elders. The worship of Jehovah, however, formed a common bond of
union, which united them into one federal State. At this time the national
affairs were administered by judges specially raised up by the Lord.

3. Who were the first known inhabitants ? What is said of them ? 4. What
did the Canaanites comprise ? From whom were they descended ? What
is said of the first six tribes? The others? The Perizzites? 5. What is
said of the worship of the Canaanites before the time of Abraham ? After-
wards ? On whom were their possessions bestowed? 6. What nations
were there adjoining the land of Canaan ? What is said of them ? Of the
Sidonians ? The Philistines ? 7. When did the Israelites take possession
of the land of Canaan ? What were their numbers at that time ? In David's
time ? 8. What did the tribes of Israel form before they had a king ?

14

158 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

9. From the days of Joshua to those of Saul, a lapse of about 350 years,
there were fourteen judges, who exercised in succession the 'office of chief
magistrate. This period has been called the heroic age of Israel ; every man
did what seemed good in his own eyes, and the nation acknowledged no
sovereign but Jehovah. Personal courage and military talents were the
qualities then most esteemed in a ruler, and the judges were the leaders of
armies, rather than expounders of the law.

10. Of these individuals the most renowned were Oth'niel, Gid'eon, Jeph'-
thah, Samson, and Samuel ; the first delivered his country from the bondage
of the Mo'abites ; the second, from that of the Mid'ianites; the third, of the
Arn'monites, and the last two, from the Philis'tines. Samson was noted for
his prodigious strength ; nearly all his recorded feats are miraculous and
superhuman, and he is believed to be the original of the Hercules of the
Greeks and other heathen nations.

11. Samuel was the last of the judges, and was also a prophet; he puri-
fied the religious worship, reformed the manners of the nation, and drove
out the Philis'tines. His last act of authority, and which he performed with
reluctance, but at the earnest wish of the people, was anointing and crown-
ing Saul as king, 1095 B. C., thus changing the government from a com-
monwealth to a monarchy.

Map No. 7.— Where is the land of Canaan ? The land of the Philistines ?
Where are the countries of Syria ? Ammon ? Moab ? Edom ? Midian ?
Amalek ? Point out the Hittites. Jebusites. Amorites. Hivites. Gir-
gashites. Sidonians. The foregoing six nations inhabited Canaan Proper.
— Map of Northern Canaan. — Point out the Sinites. Zemarites. Arkites.
Arvadites. Hamathites.

KINGDOMS OF ISRAEL AND JUDAH.

1. DURING the reign of Saul, and the succeeding reigns of Da-
vid and Solomon, the twelve tribes were governed by one monarch;
and hence they became more closely united. David, by his skill
in war, acquired large accessions of territory. Jerusalem was
adopted as the capital, and the nation gradually gained power and
importance.

2. At this period the kingdom stretched far beyond the limits
of the land of Israel ; it included the whole of Syria, from the
Orontes river eastward to the Euphrates, besides a portion of the
northern part of Arabia. David compelled the Syrians, the E'dom-

What is said of their bounds, &c.? Of the worship of Jehovah? The
national affairs ? 9. The judges ? What has this period been called ?
What was then the state of things ? What were the qualifications most
esteemed, &c. ? 10. Who were the most renowned judges? What is said
of Samson? 11. Of Samuel? What was his last act of authority ?

Q. 1. What occurred during the reign of Saul, &c. ? What is said of
David ? Of Jerusalem ? Of the nation ? 2. What is said of the kingdom ?

KINGDOMS Or ISRAEL AND JUDAH. 159

ites, and other nations, to pay him tribute ; he thus amassed a
large amount of treasure, which he left to his son Solomon as a
sacred deposit for building a national temple at Jerusalem.

Queen of Sheba.

3. The reign of Solomon was the golden age of Israel, and, under his
government, the nation reached its highest state of prosperity. The renown
of the sovereign extended far and wide, and his name is still proverbial for
wisdom, learning, and magnificence. The queen of Sheba, attracted by his
fame, came to Jerusalem from the remotest parts of Arabia, with a nume-
rous train, laden with the choicest gifts of her kingdom as presents to Solo-
mon ; and, having seen all his wisdom and all his prosperity, declared that
it far surpassed what she had heard. (11 Chron. ix.)

4. Solomon erected the splendid temple which his father had long con-
templated ; when completed, it was dedicated, in a solemn festival, to the
service of Jehovah, 1003 B. C. During his reign the metropolis became a
magnificent city ; but, in the latter part of his life, the kingdom declined
in strength, and the people groaned under the heavy burdens laid on them,
while the increased intercourse with foreign nations disposed the sovereign,
as well as the people, to favour their idolatrous worship and practices.

5. Shortly after the death of Solomon, the injudicious conduct of his son
Rehobo'am caused a division of the kingdom, 975 B. C. That prince re-
tained the sovereignty of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, which took the
name of the Kingdom of Judah. The other ten tribes formed the Kingdom
of Israel, and chose Jerobo'am as king.

6. Although Israel was larger and more populous, Judah was wore
wealthy, and retained possession of the chief city and the national temple,
as well as of the established priesthood. The power of the two States was
nearly equal, and obstinate and bloody wars were often waged between them

What did it include ? What nations paid tribute to David, &c. ? 3. What
was the reign of Solomon ? What occurred under his government ? What
is said of the renown of the sovereign ? Of the Queen of Sheba ? 4. What
did Solomon erect ? When was it completed ? What is said of the me-
tropolis ? What occurred in the latter part of Solomon's life ? 5. After his
death ? Of what was Rehoboam king ? Jeroboam ? 6. What is said of
Israel ? Of Judah ? Of their power ? 7. How long did Israel survive tlie

160 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

7. The Kingdom of Israel survived the division of the original monarchy
253 years, and had nineteen successive kings, every one of whom were
wicked and idolatrous. During that period the people gradually lost all
knowledge of the true God, and became worshippers of idols. At length
Shalmane'zer, king of Assyria, made war against Israel, took Samaria, after
a siege of three years, and led .the inhabitants away captive, in the year 729

B. C. This event is called the " captivity of the ten tribes."

8. The kingdom of Judah continued to be an independent State for 386
years after the division in the time of Rehobo'am, or until the year 588 B.

C. At that time Jerusalem was taken, the temple was demolished, and the
people were carried away captive into Babylonish captivity by Nebuchad-
nez'zar, king of Babylon.

9. Seventy years afterwards, Cyrus, king of Persia, who had, in the mea.n
time, overthrown the Babylonish monarchy, set the Israelites at liberty (now,
for the first time, called Jews), permitted them to return to their native land,
and to rebuild the temple and the city of Jerusalem. The latter, called the
second temple, was consecrated to the worship of God in the year 515 B. G.

10. From this time the Jews continued, for a period of 350 years, to be
tributary, in succession, to the Persians, the Greeks, the Egyptians, and the
Syrians. Under these different nations, the local government was frequently
administered by the Jewish high priests ; yet the people were often griev-
ously oppressed. The Jews rose, at length, against the Syrians, under Ju-
das Maccabae'us (the hammerer), defeated them in various battles, and re-
gained their independence.

11. At a later period Aristobulus, a descendant of Judas Maccabs'us,
became king of the Jews, 105 B. C. His successors were called Asmone'-
ans. Two brothers of this race having declared war against each other,
the Roman general, Pompey, interfered in the contest, during which he
conquered Palestine, 63 B. C. Subsequently Herod, an Idumean, was
placed on the throne of the Mac'cabees, but subject to the control of Rome.

12. The reign of Herod was rendered memorable by the birth
rf the Saviour (Matt. ii. 1), and also by the murder of the infants
)f Bethlehem (Matt. ii. 16). Six years afterwards, procurators or
governors were appointed over Judea, one of whom was Pontius
Pilate, who condemned Christ to death. Samaria and the other
districts were governed by Herod's sons.

13. After a time the whole of Herod's dominions were bestowed, with the
title of king, on Herod Agrippa, one of his grandsons, mentioned, in Acts
xii. 1, as " Herod the king." Agrippa II., his successor, was the monarch
before whom, and the Roman governor, St. Paul made his defence at Caesa-
re'a. (Acts xxv.) The continued oppressions of their foreign rulers, at
length, excited the Jews to rebel against them, and a furious warfare corn-
division ? How many kings had it ? What is said of them ? What did
Shalmanezer do? 8. How long did Judah continue ? What then occurred ?
9. What did Cyrus do ? What were the Israelites then called ? When was
the second temple consecrated? 10. To whom were the Jews afterwards
tributary, &c. ? What is said of the local government ? What did the
Jews do under Judas Maccabasus ? 11. What is said of Aristobulus ? What
were his successors called ? What led to the conquest of Palestine by Pom-
pey ? What is said of Herod ? 12. For what was his reign memorable ?
What occurred afterwards? What is said of Samaria? 13. What is said

GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE. 161

rnenced A. D. 66, which terminated, five years afterwards, in the events
which had been foretold alike by Moses (Deut. xxviii.) and by our Lord
(Matt, xxiv.), as the punishment of the rebellious house of Israel, — the
destruction of the city and temple of Jerusalem, and the dispersion of their
nation.

Jerusalem taken by the Romans.

Map No. 6. — Point out Aram or Syria. Ammon. Moab. Israel. Edom.
Amalek. These countries comprised the kingdom of David and Solomon,
with the exception of the small strip of territory on the sea-shore belonging
to Tyre and Sidon. The kingdom extended from the Red Sea to the Eu-
phrates, 600 miles, and inland from the coast 150 to 200 miles. — Map No.
8. — Point out the tribes of Asher. Naphtali. Zebulon. Issachar. Ma-
nasseh this side Jordan. Ephraim. Dan. Simeon. Manasseh beyond
Jordan. Gad and Reuben. These ten tribes formed the kingdom of Israel
Point out Judah and Benjamin. These formed the kingdom of Judah

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE.

POSITION, EXTENT, MOUNTAINS, ETC.

1. PALESTINE or the Holy Land extends along the shores of the
Mediterranean Sea, from north lat. 31° to 33° 30', and from long.
34° 30' to 37° east from Greenwich, a distance of 175 miles from
north to south, and from 50 to 90 miles from east to west.

2. In latitude, it corresponds with the States of Georgia, Ala-
bama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and comprises an area of about
13,500 square miles, being nearly one-third as large as Pennsylvania.

of Herod's dominions, &c. ? Of Agrippa II. ? What excited the Jews to
rebel ? What then occurred ? How did these events terminate?

Q. 1. Describe the position of Palestine. Its extent 2. With what
States does it correspond in latitude ? What is its area ? 3. What was
14* L

]f52 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

3. In ancient times Palestine was a fertile and productive region,
rich in grain, fruits, and cattle. Most parts of the country were
carefully cultivated; the declivities of the hills were cut into ter-
races, of which, in some places, the vestiges still remain, and were
covered with pkntations of the choicest productions.

4. Moses describes it as " a land flowing with milk and honey" (Exod.
iii. 8) ; a land of wheat and barley, of vines, figs, and pomegranates, of oil,
olives, &c., and where there is no lack of anything ; other inspired writers
call it a pleasant land, a glorious land, and the glory of all lands.

5. The condition of this once favoured country is entirely changed. The
despotism of the Turks, and the robberies of the Arabs, have made it almost
a desert, and reduced the inhabitants to one-tenth of their former numbers.
Its once noble cities are now poor villages ; and most of its former towns
are extinct. The curse, denounced for the sins of the Jews, has come upon
it. "For thus hath the Lord said, the whole land shall be desolate." (Jer.
iv. 27.)

6. Palestine "is a land of hills and valleys" (Deut. xi. 11) ; it is
traversed by two ranges of mountains, one on the western, and
the other on the eastern side of the river Jordan. Of these moun-
tains Leb'anon is the highest ; Her'mon, Gil'ead, and Car'mel are
the next most noted.

7. Leb'anon is a magnificent mountain, and is always covered with
snow. Its height and grandeur, and the fertility of its valleys, are often
alluded to by the Hebrew writers. It was famed for its fine cedar trees,
but they are now, as predicted by the prophet (Isa. x. 19), nearly all de-
stroyed. These trees were the resort of eagles (Ezek. xvii. 3), and the lofty
summits of Lebanon, as well as the adjacent mountains, were the haunts
of lions and leopards. (Sol. Song iv. 8.)

8. Eastward of the Jordan are the mountains of Her'mon, Ba'shan, Gil'ead,
and Ab'arim. The summits of Her'mon, like those of Leb'anon, are covered
with snow, of which, in ancient times, great quantities were carried to Tyre,
and other cities, and sold as a luxury. Her'mon was likewise known by the
names of She'nir, Sir'ion,and Zion. (Deut. iii. 9 ; iv. 48.)

9. Ba'shan and Gil'ead were famous for their rich pastures, and the abun-
dance of their cattle ; the former, also, was noted for its stately oaks (Isa.
ii. 13), and the latter for producing a medicinal gum called the Balm of
Gil'ead. (Jer. viii. 22.) On this mountain Jacob and Laban set up the heap
of stones as a witness of the covenant between them. (Gen. xxxi. 46.) South
of Gil'ead were the Ab'arim mountains ; on the highest of these, the top of

Palestine in ancient times ? What is said of the country ? The hills ?

4. How did Moses describe it ? What do other inspired writers call it ?

5. What is said of the present condition of Palestine ? Of the despotism
of the Turks, &c. ? Its cities and towns ? What has come upon it ?

6. By what is Palestine traversed ? Which of these mountains is the
highest ? The next most noted ? 7. Describe Mount Lebanon. For what
was it famed ? What is said of these trees ? Of the summit of the moun-
tains ? 8. What mountains lay eastward of the Jordan ? What is said of
Hermon ? By what other names was Hermon known ? 9. What is said
of Bashan and Gilead ? What did Jacob and Laban do on Mount Gilead ?
What mountains lie south of Gilead ? What occurred on the highest of

MOUNTAINS OF PALESTINE. 163

Pis'gah, Moses went up, viewed the Promised Land, and there he died.
(Deut. xxxiv. 1.)

Elijah's Sacrifice consumed by Fire from Heaven.

10. Mount Car'mel is on the sea-coast ; it was once noted for its fertility,
but is now barren and rugged ; the curse denounced by Amos has fallen
upon it. (Amos i. 2.) On this mountain the prophets Elijah and Elisha
dwelt; and there, in the presence of Ahab and all Israel, the sacrifice
of Elijah was consumed by fire from heaven. (1 Kings xviii.) Tradition
has preserved a knowledge of the place where the prophet prayed for rain,
and where his servant saw the cloud rise out of the sea. (1 Kings xviii. 44.)
There was another Mount Car'mel near the Dead Sea.

11. Nearly east from Car'mel is Mount Ta'bor ; on its summit, according
to tradition, our Saviour's transfiguration took place. (Matt, xvii.) North
of Ta'bor is the Mount of the Beatitudes, where Christ preached the sublime
discourse called the Sermon on the Mount. (Matt, v.) Mount Gilboa is
noted for its numerous springs, and also for the battle in which the tlnee
sons of Saul were slain ; and where he died by his own hand. (1 Sam.
xxxi. 4.)

12. Southward of Samaria are the Mountains of E'phraim or Israel. On
Gaash, a hill belonging to this range, Joshua was buried. (Josh. xxiv. 30.)
On Mount Quaranta'nia, situated between Jericho and Jerusalem, it is sup-
posed, our Saviour was tempted by Satan (Matt. iv. 8) : its name is not in
Scripture ; it is known by tradition only.

13. Southward of Jerusalem are the Mountains of Judea; in many places,
especially on the southern border, they are barren and desolate. These
mountains formed the hill country of Judah or Judea, where the parents
of John the Baptist resided. (Luke i. 39.) Near the Dead Sea is Mount
Carmel, where Na'bal, the Carmelite, had his possessions. (1 Sam. xxv. 2.)

14. The Mount of Olives is on the east side of Jerusalem ; between it
and the city is the Vale of Jehosh'aphat and the Brook Cedron. Hither

these ? 10. What is said of Mount Carmel ? Who dwelt there ? What
took place there? What has tradition preserved? 11. What is said of
Mount Tabor ? Mount of the Beatitudes ? Mount Gilboa ? 12. What is
said of the mountains of Ephraim? Gaash? Quarantania? 13. What
mountains lay southward of Jerusalem ? What did they form ? What is

164

SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

our Lord frequently resorted, with his disciples ; here he wept over Jerusa-
lem, and predicted its downfall, and from the village of Bethany he ascended
into heaven. (Luke xxiv. 50, 51.) The southern part was called the Mount
of Corruption, because on it Solomon built altars for the worship of strange
gods. (2 Kings xxiii. 13.)

mum

Christ and his Disciples on the Mount of Olives.

Map No. 8. — What country lay northeast of Palestine? Southeast?
What countries south ? What people east? What sea west? The Medi-
terranean was called, by the Israelites, the Sea, the Great Sea, the Sea of the
Philistines, and the Uttermost Sea. Point out the mountains of Lebanon,
Hermon. Bashan. Gilead. Abarim mountains. Mount Carmel on the
sea-coast. Mount Carmel near the Dead Sea. Mount Tabor. Mount Gil-
boa. Mountains of Ephraim. Hill of Gaash.— Map No. 9.— Point out the
Mountain of the Beatitudes. Mount Quarantania. The hill country of
Judea.

8

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE.—
[CONTINUED.]

RIVERS, LAKES, ETC.

1. THE principal river of Palestine is the Jordan ; it rises at the
base of Mount Her'mon, passes southwardly through the country,
and, after a course of 140 miles, flows into the Dead Sea. It is a
deep and rapid river, and is about thirty yards wide, in the lower
part of its course.

said of Carmel ? 14. What is said of the Mount of Olives ? Of our Lord ?
What was the southern part of the Mount of Olives called, &c. ?
Q. 1. Which is the principal river of Palestine ? Describe its rise, course.

RIVERS AND LAKES OF PALESTINE. 165

2. This stream is celebrated as the scene of several miraculous
events. Its waters " stood, and rose up upon an heap," to allow a
passage for the Israelites, on their journey from the desert (Josh.
iii. 16); and they were afterwards divided hy the prophets Elijah
and EJisha. (2 Kings ii.) In the Jordan, at Bethab'ara, our
Saviour was baptized by John the Baptist. (Matt. iii. 13 ; John i.
28.)

3. The Jab'bok, Gad'ara,and Hesh'bon wei ^ the largest tributaries of the
Jordan ; the former was the boundary between the kingdoms of Og and
Sihon. Jacob forded it, on his return from Pa'dan A'ram. (Gen. xxxii.
22.) The Che'rith was the small brook on which Elijah dwelt when he was
fed by the ravens. (1 Kings xvii. 5, 6.)

'4. The Ki'shon, the Ka'nah, the Lebanon, and several other streams, flow
into the Mediterranean Sea. On the banks of the Ki'shon, Sis'era was
defeated by Ba'rak (Judg. iv. 7 — 15), and here, too, Elisha slew the priests
of Ba'al. (1 Kings xviii. 40.) The Ka'nah was the boundary between the
tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. (Josh. xvii. 9, 10.) From the fertile
valley of the Esh'col, the spies carried away a bunch of grapes as a speci-
men of the fruits of the land. (Num. xiii. 23.) In the vale watered by the
So'rek, Deli'lah, mentioned in the history of Samson, dwelt. (Judg. xvi. 4.)

5. The Be'sor was crossed by David in pursuit of the Amal'ekites who
had plundered and burnt Zik'lag. (1 Sam. xxx. 9, 10.) The River of Egypt,
Shi'hor or River of the Wilderness, was the most southern stream in the
Land of Israel : it is mentioned Amos vi. 14 ; Num. xxxiv. 5 ; 1 Chron.
xiii. 5.

6. The Ce'dron, Kid'ron or Ke'dron flows past the city of Jerusalem into
the Dead Sea ; over this brook David passed when he fled from Absalom
(2 Sam. xv. 23), and our Lord also crossed it on the night in which he was
betrayed. (John xviii. 1.) The Ar'non, called likewise the River of Gad
(2 Sam. xxiv. 5), was the boundary between the tribe of Reuben and the
Mo'abites. The largest only of the foregoing streams contains water ail the
year ; the others are dry during the summer.

.7. The Dead Sea is the salt lake into which the river Jordan
discharges its waters; it is called, in Scripture, the Sea of the
Plain, the Salt Sea, and the East Sea ; the Greek name is Lake
Asphalti'tes ; the Arabs term it Bahr el Lout (Sea of Lot). It occu-
pies the Vale of Sid'dim, in which stood Sodom and Gomor'rah,
and the other cities that were destroyed by " brimstone and fire
from the Lord out of heaven." (Gen. xix. 24.)

8. The water of the Dead Sea is very bitter, and so highly charged with
salt, that persons bathing in it can float with more ease than in any other.

&c. 2. For what is it celebrated ? Who was baptized in it ? 3. Which
were its largest tributaries ? What was the Jabbok ? The Cherith ?
4. What is said of the Kishon, &c. ? What occurred on its banks ? What
was the Kanah ? What is said of the Eshcol ? Sorek ? 5. What is said
of the Besor ? The River of Egypt ? 6. What is said of the Cedron ? Who
passed it ? Who crossed it ? What was the Arnon ? What is said of the
foregoing streams? 7. What is the Dead Sea? By what names is it
called in Scripture ? What is the Greek name ? Arab name ? What does

166 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

On the shores of the lake scarcely a tree or blade of grass is to be seen :
both animals and birds are extremely rare, and the whole region has an air
of solemn and death-like stillness ; whence its name of Dead Sea has been
derived. By recent observation, the surface of this lake is ascertained to be
nearly 1400 feet lower than the surface of the Mediterranean.

9. The Sea of Galilee is the largest of the two fresh water lakes, through
which the river Jordan passes: it was called the Sea of Gennes'aret (Mark
vi. 53), and the Sea of Tibe'rias (John vi. 1.) Its first name was the Sea
of Chin'nereth or Chin'neroth. (Num. xxxiv. 11.) The river flows through
without mingling (it is said) ; is waters with those of the lake. The latter
still abounds in fish, as when the apostles left their nets to become " fishers
of men" (Mark i. 17); bue the fishery is now of little importance.

10. The scenery around the lake is exceedingly beautiful, and the adja-
cent country, in ancient times, was so highly improved, that it was almost
a paradise. Sudden storms of wind sometimes arise, such as occurred when
our Lord was sleeping in the ship. "Then he arose, and rebuked the wind
and the raging of the water : and they ceased, and there was a calm." (Luke
viii. 24.) On this lake, also, Christ walked on the water ; and here Peter,
when about to sink, was saved by his Divine Master. (Matt. xiv. 31.)

11. The Waters of Me'rom comprise a small lake north of the Sea of Gali-
lee, through which the river Jordan flows. Early in the spring it is filled
with water, but, in summer, it is little more than a marsh, and is overgrown
with reeds and rushes, among which numbers of wild animals take refuge.
Upon its banks the Israelites, under Joshua, defeated Ja'bin, king of Ha'zor,
and his allies. (Josh. xi. 1 — 7.)

12. The mountainous districts of the Holy Land abound in caves, which,
in early times, were the abode of some of the native tribes : the Ho'rites, of
whom we read, were dwellers in caves. (Gen. xiv. 6.) These caves were
also used as places of concealment, sometimes as places of voluntary resi-
dence, and sometimes as burial-places: some of them were of great extent

13. The caves of Adul'lam and En'gedi sheltered David and his band; in
the nrst he hid himself with 400, and, in the second, with 600 men. (1 Sam.
xxii. ; 1 Sam. xxiv.) In the Cave of Obadiah a hundred prophets were hid.
(1 Kings xviii. 4.) Elijah and Elisha both dwelt in caves, on Mount Car'mel,
and the Cave of Machpe'lah, near He'bron, was the burial-place of Abraham
and his family. (Gen. xxiii.)

Map No. 8. — Point out the river Jordan. Its rise. What parallels of
latitude does it cross in its course ? What tributaries flow into it from the
east ? The west ? What streams flow into the Mediterranean Sea ? Which
is the most northern of these ? The most southern ? What river flows into
the Dead Sea on its east side ?

it occupy ? 8. What is said of the water of the Dead Sea ? Describe its
shores. What has been recently ascertained ? 9. WThat is said of the Sea
of Galilee ? By what names is it called ? What is said of the river ? In
what does the lake still abound, &c. ? 10. What is said of the scenery, &c.?
Of sudden storms ? What occurred on this lake ? 11. W^hat do the waters
of Merom comprise ? Describe lake Merom. What occurred on its banks?
12. In what did the mountainous districts abound? What were they in
early times? For what different purposes were they also used, &c. ?
] 3. What is said of the caves of Adullam and Engedi ? Cave of Obadiah ?
Elijah, &c. ? Cave of Machpelah ?

GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE. 167

— — 9 — — —

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE.—

[CONTINUED.]

.PLAINS AND VALLEYS, CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE, ETC.

1. THE terms wilderness and desert, met with in the Bible, do not always
signify sandy deserts or barren wastes, but are often applied to fields and
by-places reserved for pasture ; such was the desert near Bethsa'ida (in Pe-
raea), where Jesus fed the five thousand, and of which it is expressly said ;
"now there was much grass in the place." (John vi. 10.) The wilderness
of Judea, in which "came John the Baptist preaching" (Matt. iii. 1), lay
along the west shore of the Dead Sea, and was probably, in most parts,
desert and barren.

2. Among the plains and valleys of Palestine, the Plain of Jezreel or
Esdrae'lon has been long noted for its fertility. It lies immediately east of
the Kishon river, and is about thirty miles in length. It is one of the great
battle-fields of Palestine, on which various noted conflicts have taken place.
Here warriors of different nations have pitched their tents, and Jews and
Gentiles, Christians and Saracens, Franks and Turks, have met in hostile
array.

3. Sharon or the Plain, which extends along the shores of the Mediterra-
nean Sea, north of Joppa, was once the most lovely and fertile district in
Palestine ; its rich pastures fed numerous flocks. Its excellency is afluded
to in Isaiah xxxv. 2, and its roses in Solomon's Song ii. 1.

4. The plain or valley through which the Jordan flows is called, by the
Arabs, El Ghor (the deep valley). It was once of great beauty and fertility,
and was inhabited at an early period, being the pasture-ground chosen by
Lot, when he separated from Abraham (Gen. xiii. 10) ; but it is now com-
paratively barren. In ancient times it was called the Plain of Chin'neroth
(Josh. xi. 2), the Plain of Jordan (2 Chron. iv. 17), and the " region round
about Jordan" (Matt. iii. 5).

5. It extends from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea. The banks of the
river are covered with a luxuriant growth of trees and herbage, which
shelter wild animals of various kinds ; but, in the spring, they are driven
from their coverts by the rising waters of the swollen stream. To this cir-
cumstance the prophet alludes (Jer. xlix. 19), "he shall come up like a lion
from the swelling of Jordan."

6. The Valley of Reph'aim or Vale of the Giants extends from Jerusalem
to Bethlehem ; it was remarkable for its excellent crops and its olive plan-
tations. (Isa. xvii. 5.) Westward lay the Vale of Elah, where David, the

Q. 1. What do the terms wilderness and desert signify? What is said
oi the desert of Bethsaida ? The wilderness of Judea ? 2. What plain has
been lorfg noted ? Describe its position. What is it, and what has taken
place there ? 3. What is said of Sharon ? Its rich pastures, &c. ? 4. What
is said of the plain or valley of the Jordan ? What was it once, &c. ?
By what different names was it called ? 5. What is said of its extent ?
Of the banks of the river ? What occurs in the spring, &c. ? 6. Describe
the valley of Rephaim. What is said of the Vale of Elah ? The Valley of

168 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

youthful hero of Israel, slew the gigantic Goli'ath, who had " defied the
armies of the living God." (1 Sam. xviii. 2 — 10.) The brook, whence the
victor chose the five smooth stones, still flows through the vale. The Valley
of Salt, where Abish'ai slew 18,000 E'domites (1 Chron. xviii. 12), is a level,
barren tract, at the southern extremity of the Dead Sea.

David and Goliath.

7. The climate of Palestine is warm, but it varies with the surface of the
country. In the low plains, during the summer, it is very hot ; while on
the mountains the cold of winter is often severe. The rains, during the latter
part of the year, as well as in the spring, are copious ; they are distinguished
as the former and the latter rain; their importance to agriculture, particu-
larly the last, appears from the expression (Prov. xvi. 15) ; the king's "fa-
vour is as a cloud of the latter rain."

8. During the summer months there is no rain, but the dews are heavy,
and serve to refresh the thirsty vegetation. Their fertilizing influence is
referred to in Scripture as a symbol of the divine blessing ; " I will be as the
dew unto Israel." (Hos. xiv. 5.)

9. In the latter part of summer, the east wind from the desert withers up
the herbage, and its effects are often referred to in the Bible : " Shall it not
utterly wither, when the east wind toucheth it?" (Ezek. xvii. 10.) These
easterly winds, now called Levanters, have always been dangerous to mari-
ners : " Thou breakest the ships of Tar'shish with an east wind." (Ps.
xlviii. 7.)

10. Agriculture was the chief employment among the Hebrews; Moses
made it the basis of the civil constitution of Israel, by dividing the land
among the people. In early times, the most distinguished individuals were
cultivators of the soil. King Saul himself tilled his own ground (1 Sam xi.
5), and Elisha was called from the plough to the office of a prophet. (1 Kings
xix. 19.) As towns and cities began to multiply, many of the Jews devoted
themselves to handicrafts and trading ; but agriculture continued, at al
times, to be the basis of the national prosperity.

Salt ? 7. Describe the climate of Palestine. The rains, &c. How are
they distinguished ? 8. What is said of the summer months ? The dews,
&.c. ? 9. What occurs in the latter part of summer ? What is said of its
effects? Of the easterly winds ? 1 0. What was agriculture ? What did
Moses make it ? What is said of Saul ? Elisha ? What occurred when

THE TWELVE TRIBES. 169

11. The Land of Israel was a pastoral, as well as farming country, and
the useful domestic animals were numerous : " The pastures are clothed
with flocks ; the valleys also are covered with corn." (Ps. Ixv. 13.) Be-
sides sheep and oxen, the inhabitants had asses, goats and camels. The
cattle fed on the hills of Ba'shan and Carmel were proverbial for their
size and fatness ; hence the frequent allusions, in Scripture, to the fallings
and oxen of Ba'shan.

12. The Jews had but few horses, and, indeed, they were forbidden to
multiply the breed. (Deut. xvii. 16.) Solomon, however, had 40,000 stalls
of horses for his chariots, and 12,000 horsemen. (1 Kings iv. 26.) He had
dromedaries also. The children of Reuben, Gad, and Manas'seh, took
50,000 camels from the Arabs. (1 Chron. v. 21.) Those animals were used
both for warlike and domestic purposes. The ass was much in use, and was
ridden by persons of superior rank. (Judges x. 4.) White asses were held
in particular esteem, and were supposed to bestow dignity on the rider.
(Judg. v. 10.)

Map No. 9. — Where is Bethsaida hi Persea? Near what sea is it?
Point out the wilderness of Judea. On which side of the Dead Sea is it ? —
Map No. 8. — Point out the Kishon river. The plain of Jezreel or Esdrae-
lon extends along this stream ; it was partly in Issachar and partly in Ma-
nasseh. Where is the plain of Sharon ? The Valley of the Jordan ? How
many miles is it, by the scale, from the Sea of Chinneroth or Galilee to
the Dead Sea ? Where is the Valley of Salt ?— Map No. 10.— Where is the
Vale of Rephaim ? The Vale of Elah ?

10

THE TWELVE TRIBES,

WITH THE TOWNS NOTED IN OLD TESTAMENT TIMES.

1. WHEN the Israelites had conquered the land of Canaan, Jo-
shua divided it by lot among the twelve tribes. These were the
descendants of the twelve sons of Jacob, viz. Reu'ben, Sim'eon,
Le'vi, Judah, Dan, Naph'tali, Gad, Ash'er, Is'sachar, Zeb'ulon, Jo-
seph, and Benjamin.

2. Two of these tribes gave no name to any lot or inheritance,
namely, Levi, whose descendants were the priests of the nation,
and Joseph, whose portion was divided beween his two sons,
E'phraim and iVIanas'seh, whom their grandfather had adopted
(Gen. xlviii. 5) ; and these two tribes took the places of Levi and
Joseph.

towns and cities began to multiply? 11. Describe the Land of Israel.
What animals had the Jews ? What is said of the cattle fed on Bashan and
Carmel? 12. What is said of horses? Of Solomon? The children of
Reuben, &c. ? For what purposes were camels used ? What is said of the
ass ? White asses ?

Q. 1. What occurred on the conquest of the Land of Canaan ? liom
whom were the twelve tribes descended ? 2. What tribes gave no name to
any lot, &c. ? ,What is said of Joseph's two sons ? 3. What is said of the
15

•

170 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

3. The Le'vites or children of Levi were set apart by Moses as
the ministers of religion, and also as the instructors of the people.
For their support they had the first-fruits, and the tenth of the

E reduce of the land. They were distributed over the country in
>rty-eight cities, that were assigned to them for their residence.
Six of these cities were appointed by Joshua as cities of refuge, to
which the slayer, that killed any person unawares, might flee.
(Josh. xx. 7, 8, 9.)

4. In apportioning the territory of the tribes, one-half their
number were settled on the sea-coast, the remainder lay inland.
Asher was the most northern, and Judah the most southern tribe.
The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh, resided
east of the river Jordan, in the territories of Og, king of Ba'shan,
and Si'hon, king of the Am'orites.

5. REUBEN lay on the east side of the Dead Sea and the river Jordan, and
north of the river Ar'non ; its territory was celebrated for the multitude of
cattle, sheep and goats it supported. Hesh'bon, a strongly fortified town,
was the capital of the Am'orites; its fish-pools are alluded to in Sol. Song
vii. 4. Med'eba was noted in the wars of David (1 Chron. xix.) ; Ar'oer,
Di'bon, and Ked'emoth, are all mentioned in Josh. xiii. ; and Be'zer, in Deut.
iv. 43.

6. In GAD were Ja'besh Gil'ead (Judges xxi.) and Ra'moth Gil'ead
(1 Kings xxii.) ; both were noted in the wars of the Israelites ; at the latter
Ahab, king of Israel, was slain. Mahana'im was the place where Jacob
saw the host of angels coming to meet him. (Gen. xxxii. 2.) At Penu'el
or Peni'el he saw God face to face, and there his name was changed to Israel.
(Gen. xxxii. 30.) At Suc'coth he took up his residence, on his return from
Pa'dan A'ram. (Gen. xxxiii. 17.)

7. Near Zar'etan or Zar'than the brazen vessels were cast, by order of
Solomon, for the temple. (1 Kings vii. 46.) Min'nith was noted for its
wheat (Ezek. xxvii. 17) ; Rab'bath Am'mon, a fortified city, was the capital
of the Am'monites ; while Jo'ab was besieging it, Uri'ah, the husband of
Bath'sheba, was treacherously slain. (2 Sam. xi. 17.)

8. In MANASSEH BEYOND JORDAN was the town of Dan, in early times, the
most northern in the land of Israel, as Beer'sheba was the most southern ,
hence the phrase, from " Dan even unto Beer'sheba," was used to denote
the whole extent of the country. It is mentioned in the life of Abraham.
(Gen. xiv. 14.) Here Jerobo'am set up one of his golden calves. (1 Kings
xii. 29.)

9. Ge'shur was the b;-*h-place of Ma'achah, Absalom's mother ; she was
the daughter of Tal'mai, king of Ge'shur. (2 Sam. iii. 3.) Ar'gob, As'ta-

Levites ? What had they for their support ? How were they distributed ?
For what purpose were six of these cities appointed ? 4. How were the
tribes settled ? Which was the most northern tribe ? The most southern ?
Where did the tribes of Reuben, Gad, &c. reside ? 5. What is said of Reu-
ben ? For what was it celebrated ? What is said of Heshbon ? Medeba, &c. ?
6. For what were Jabesh Gilead and Ramolh Gilead noted ? What occurred
at Mahanaim ? At Penuel ? At Succoth ? 7. What was done at Zaretan or
Zarthan? Minnith ? Rabbath Ammon, &c.? 8. What is said of the
town of Dan ? Where is it mentioned ? What was set up there ? 9. What

THE TWELVE TRIBES. 171

roth, and Ed'rei were cities of the kingdom of Bashan ; at the latter, the
gigantic king, Og, was defeated by the Israelites, before they crossed over
Jordan.

10. The territory of ASHER was the most northern in Israel. In its
boundaries were included the Phoenic'ian cities of Tyre, Sidon,and Accho,
whose inhabitants the Ash'erites were unable to expel. Amongst the other
towns were Mis'rephoth-ma'im, Hel'kah, Ach'saph, Beth'-rehob, and Zar'e-
phnth. At the latter the prophet Elijah dwelt, while there was a famine in
the Land of Israel ; and here he restored the widow's son to life. (1 Kings
xvii. 9—22.)

11. In ZEBULON was Gath-he'pher, the native place of the prophet Jonah.
(2 Kings xiv. 25.) Bethu'lia was the town that was besieged by Holofer'-
nes, general of the army of Nabuchodon'osor, king of Assyria, and delivered
in the manner related in the Book of Ju'dith, ch. vii. Jok'neam or Jok'ne-
am of Carmel, was a city of the Le'vites. (1 Chron. vi. 63.)

12. At Abel-Beth-ma' achah, in Naph'tali, the rebel She'ba was besieged
by Joab. (2 Sam. xx. 15.) Ha'zor was the residence of king Ja'bin.
Har'osheth was the town where Sis'era lived, who commanded the army of
Ja'bin. (Judges iv. 2.) Ke'desh-Naph'tali was the residence of Ba'rak.
(Judges iv. 6.)

13. In IS'SACHAR was Megid'do, on the river Ki'shon, famous for the battles
fought in the extensive plain near it : here the army of Ja'bin was de-
stroyed by Ba'rak (Judges iv. 15) ; Ahazi'ah died of the wounds received
in battle against Jehu (2 Kings ix. 27), and Josiah was defeated and slain
by Pha'raoh-Ne'cho. (2 Kings xxiii. 29.)

14. Shu'nem was the place where the prophet Elijah restored to life the
son of the Shu'namite woman. (2 Kings iv. 35.) At Do'than, whither Jo-
seph had repaired to seek his brethren, he was sold by them as a slave
to the Ish'maelite merchants. (Gen. xxxvii. 28.) A well, with a marble
cover, supported by pillars, is traditionally pointed out as the " pit" into
which Joseph was cast.

Map No. 8. — What tribes lay on the sea-coast ? What three lay west of
Jordan, but did not extend to the sea ? What tribes east of Jordan ? Point
out Reuben. What river formed its southern boundary ? Western ? Point
out Heshbon. The other towns. Where is the tribe of Gad ? What river
on the west ? What nation on the east ? Where is Jabesh-Gilead ? Ra-
moth-Gile'ati, and the other towns ? Point out Manasseh beyond Jordan.
What mountains lay east? What country east? Where is the town of
Dan? Geshur? TK° other towns? Where is Ashcr? Point out the
towns mentioned in the text. The Phoenician cities. Cabul. This was\a
district which Solomon gave to Hiram, king of Tyre, for the services which
he had rendered him in building the temple. Where is Zebulon ? What
sea bounds it on the west ? Point out Gath-hepher. The other towns.
Where is Issachar ? Where is Megiddo ? Shunem ? Dothan ? Megiddo ?
This town stood on the western side of the plain of Jezreel.

is said of Geshur ? Argob, Astaroth and Edrei ? What occurred at the
latter ? 1 0. What is said of Asher ? What Phcenician cities did it include ?
What is said of them ? What other towns ? What is said of the latter, &c. f

11. Who was a native of Gath-hepher ? What is said of Bethulia, &c.?

12. What took place at Abel-Beth-Maachah ? What was Hazor ? Haro-
sheth? Kedesh-Naphtali ? 13. What is said of Megiddo? What occurred
there ? 14. What is said of Shunem, &c. ? Of Dothan ?

172 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

TW

11

THE TWELVE TRCBES — [CONTINUED].

1. IN MANASSEH west of Jordan was Dor, a seaport, once the seat of a
Canaanitish king. (Josh. xi. 2.) At Jez'reel there was a palace of the
kings of Israel, where the impious Jez'ebel was killed. (2 Kings ix. 33.)
Tir'iah was the capital of Israel, before the building of Samaria. En'dor
was the place to which Saul went to consult a woman who had a familiar
spirit. (1 Sam. xxviii. 7.) Oph'rah was the native town of Gideon. (Judgea
vi. 11.) Be'zek was a city of the Canaanites where 10,000 of them were
slain, and Adoni-be'zek, their king, was taken prisoner. (Judges i. 4.)

2. In EPHRAIM was Samaria, the capital of the kingdom of Israel, founded
by Omri, B. C. 919 (1 Kings xvi. 24) ; it was destroyed by the Assyrians,
but was subsequently rebuilt. She'chem or Si'chem was a very ancient
city i here Abraham erected an altar (Gen. xii. 7), and here Jacob and his
family resided. (Gen. xxxiii. 18.) At Shi'loh the tabernacle was set up (Josh,
xviii. 1), and remained until the time of Eli, a period of more than 300
years, after which it was taken by the Philis'tines.

3. At A'bel-meho'lah the prophet Elisha was born. Jop'pa was the chief
seaport of the Israelites ; from hence Jonah took ship to go to Tar'shish.
(Jonah i. 3.) Tim'nath-se'rah was the inheritance given to Joshua ; and here
he died and was buried. (Josh. xxiv. 30.) Ramatha'im-zo'phim, or Ra'mah,
was the birth-place of Samuel (1 Sam. i. 1 — 20); there he dwelt (vii. 17),
and there he anointed Saul to be king of Israel, (x. 1.)

4. The territories of DAN and SIMEON were, at first, a part of Judah, but
its portion being found larger than was needed, its western districts were
therefore set apart for the residence of the other two tribes. The portion of
Dan being of small dimensions, induced the tribe to send out some of its
people in search of other settlements (Judges xviii.) ; they accordingly took
La'ish, a city near the source of the river Jordan, and changed its name to
Dan : it was long the most northern town in Israel.

5. In DAN were the Philis'tine cities of Ash'dod, Ek'ron, and Gath. To
Ash'dod the ark was conveyed by the Philis'tines, after they had captured it
at the battle of Ebene'zer. It is called Azo'tus in the New Testament. Ek'ron
was a strong city on the coast ; it was given by Joshua, first to Judah, and
afterwards to Dan ; but the Israelites did not obtain possession of it until
the time of Judas Maccabae'us. The ark was brought hither from Ash'dod,
but it was speedily removed, through fear of divine vengeance.

6. Gath was the native town of Goli'ath, whom David killed ; it was taken
by the latter, after he became king, but was subsequently rebuilt by his
grandson, Rehobo'am ; it was finally laid waste by Haz'ael, king of Syria.
Aj'alon was one of the scenes of a renowned miracle, recorded in Joshua x.

Q.I. What was Dor? What is said of Jezreel? Tirzah? Endor?
Ophrah? Bezek? 2. What is said of Samaria? Shechem? Who resided
there ? What is said of Shiloh ? 3. Who was born at Abel-meholah ?
What is said of Joppa ? Timnath-serah ? Ramathaim-zophim ? 4. .What
is said of the territories of Dan and Simeon ? Of the portion of Dan '!
What city did they take ? To what was its name changed, &c. ? 5. Name
the Philistine cities in Dan. What is said of Ashdod, &c. ? Of Ekron, &c. ?
6. What is said of Gath ? Of what was Ajalon the scene ? 7. Where were

THE TWELVE TRIBES. 173

12, 13, when, in a battle between the Israelites and the five kings of the Ca'-
naanites, " the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had
avenged themselves upon their enemies."

7. In SIMEON were Ga'za and As'kelon or As'calon, cities of the Philis'-
tines. From the first Samson carried away the gates of the city ; and, when
he fell into the hands of the Philis'tines, they deprived him of his sight, and
set him to grind in the prison-house at Ga'za, &c. (Judges xvi.) As'kelon
was the birth-place of Herod the Great ; it was famous in the time of the
Crusades. Zik'lag was given to David by A'chish, king of Gath, when he
fled to the Philistines for fear of Saul. (I Sam. xxvii. 6.) Ge'rar was the
residence both of Abraham and Isaac. (Gen. xx. 1.; xxvi. 6.)

8. At Beer'sheba, also, Abraham and Isaac both resided, and here the formei
made a treaty with Abim'elech, king of Ge'rar, which was confirmed with
an oath ; whence its name, which signifies the " well of the oath." (Gen.
xxi. 31.) A town was afterwards built here, which was considered the most
southern in the Land of Israel.

9. Jer'icho, in the tribe of BKNJAMIN, was the first conquest of the Israelites
after they had crossed the Jordan ; its walls fell miraculously to the ground,
when it was captured and destroyed. It was subsequently rebuilt, and be-
came a great city. At Gil'gal the Israelites encamped, after they passed
the Jordan ; there they set up the twelve stones which they took out of the
midst of the river, as a monument. (Josh. iv. 20.)

10. Gib'eah, called Gib'eah of Saul, was the residence of Saul, king of
Israel. Gib'eon was a royal city of the Ca'naanites. The inhabitants
having deceived Joshua by an artifice, had their lives spared, but were con-
demned to be the hewers of wood and drawers of water to the Israelites.
Here, at the command of Joshua, "the sun stood still in the midst of
heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day." (Josh. x. 12, 13.)'

11. At Beth-el Jacob saw his first vision. (Gen. xxviii. 19.) Jerobo'am here
set up one of the golden calves, and here was inflicted the punishment on
the children who mocked Elisha. (2 Kings ii. 23, 24.) Between this place
and Ai or Hai Abraham first lived after his return from Egypt. (Gen. xiii.
3.) At Nai'oth Samuel and the sons of the prophets dwelt ; and here David
withdrew from Saul. (1 Sam. xix. 18, 19.)

12. An'athoth was the birth-place of the prophet Jeremiah. At Ra'mah
he was released by the Chalde'ans, when they brought him prisoner from
Jerusalem. (Jer. xl. 4.) Bahu'rim was the place where Shim'ei cursed
David, and threw stones at him. (2 Sam. xvi. 5, 6.) At Ze'lah Saul was
buried. (2 Sam. xxi. 14.)

Map No. 8. — Point out Manasseh west of Jordan. What river formed its
eastern boundary ? The southern ? Point out the towns mentioned in the
text. Where is Ephraim ? What tribe bounded Ephraim on the north ?

Gaza and Askelon ? By whom were the gates of the former carried away ?
What after occurred to Samson ? What is said of Askelon ? Ziklag ?
Who resided at Gerar ? 8. What is said of Beersheba, &c. ? What does
the name signify ? 9. What is said of Jericho ? What did the Israelites
do at Gilgal ? 10. What was Gibeah ? Gibeon ? What did the inhabi-
tants do? To what were they condemned ? What was this place ? 11. What
is said of Beth-el? AiorHai? Who dwelt at Naioth, &c. ? 12. Who was
born at Anathoth ? Where was he released by the Chaldeans ? What
occurred at Bahurim ? Who was buried at Zelah ?
15*

174 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

What tribes south? East? Where is Samaria? The other towns?
Point out Dan. Simeon. What tribes lay east? What country south?
What stream formed part of the southern boundary of Simeon ? Point out
the towns in Dan. The towns in Simeon. The cities of the Philistines.
Where is the tribe of Benjamin ? What tribes lay north ? South ? East ?
West? Point out Jericho. The other towns. — Map No. 10. — Point out
Anathoth. Ram ah. Bahurim. Zelah.

— — _ 12 -
THE TRIBE OF JUDAH,

WITH THE TOWNS NOTED IN OLD TESTAMENT TIMES.

1. JUDAH was distinguished above all the other tribes of Israel.
It led the van of the congregation, in the march through the de-
sert, and was the first appointed to expel the Canaanites from the
Promised Land. It was also the native tribe of David and Solo-
mon, as well as of our Lord, and to it was made the prophetic
promise, " the sceptre shall not depart from Judah until Shi'loh (the
Messiah) come." (Gen. xlix. 10.)

2. Jerusalem, the capital of Israel and afterwards of Judah, was situ-
ated in the district called the Land of Mori'ah ; it lay within the tribe of
Benjamin, but Judah acquired it by conquest. The city was built on Akra,
Mori'ah, and Zi'on, three hills of moderate elevation. The Jews called it the
Holy City, and the City of God, and it is still known, in the East, by the
former name.

3. It is supposed to have existed as early as the time of Abraham, and wag
one of those towns from which the Israelites could not drive out the Jeb'u-
sites, the original inhabitants : the latter boasted that their lame and blind
could defend its fort ; but it was taken by David, who made it his residence
(2 Sam. v. 6, 7), and called it by his own namt.

4. This city comprised, in early times, three divisions, viz. Salem (the
Lower or Old Town), afterwards called Akra ; Zi'on or the city of David,
and the Temple. Bez'etha (the New Town) was not built until after the
time of our Saviour. All these divisions were separated from each other
by walls and towers, and the whole was encompassed with a high and
strong wall.

5. The hills on which the city stood were separated by deep valleys from
the surrounding heights. East of the city was the Vale of Jehosh'aphat ;
south and southwest were the valleys of Gi'hon and Hin'nom. In a certain
part of this valley, called To'phet, some of the idolatrous kings of Judah
sacrificed children to the idol Mo'loch. (Jer. vii. 31.) The brook Ced'ron
or Kid'ron flowed on the eastern, and the stream of Shilo'ah or Gi'hon on
the southern side of the city.

Q. 1. What is said of the tribe of Judah? What prophetic promise was
made ? 2. Describe the position of Jerusalem. What did the Jews call it ?
3. From whose time is it supposed to have existed ? Of what did the Jebu-
sites boast? 4. What did the city comprise? Name the divisions, &c.
What is said of them? 5. What is said of the hills? What was east of
the city ? South and southwest ? What is said of the brook Cedron, &c. ?

THE TRIBE OF JUDAH. 175

6. The chief ornament of ancient Jerusalem was the temple of Solomon ;
it was built on Mount Mori'ah, and was a magnificent edifice ; it was en-
compassed by spacious courts, and was adorned with rich ornaments of
gold, silver, and brass. In the innermost part of the temple was the sanctu-
ary, including the Holy of Holies, so called because it contained the Ark
of the Covenant, and was regarded in a peculiar sense as the dwelling of
the Most High, This temple was destroyed by Nebuchadnez'zar, but it was
rebuilt by the Jews when they returned from Babylonish captivity.

7. Zi'on, the city of David, was on Mount Zi'on, the highest part of Jeru-
salem ; it was the best fortified and strongest section of the city. It con-
tained David's house or palace, the queen's house, Solomon's house or pa-
lace, called the House of the Forest of Lebanon, the House of the Mighty,
and other buildings. East of Zion lay the king's garden, mentioned Jer.
xxxix. 4.

8. North of Jerusalem was the rock of Rim'mon, where the remnant of
the Benjamites, after the destruction of their tribe, abode four months.
(Judges xx. 47.) Southwest of the city was the pillar which Absalom
reared up for himself, and called it after his own name. (2 Sam. xviii. 18.)
In the same direction was the stone called Eben-e'zer, which Samuel set up
in remembrance of the deliverance of the Israelites from the Philistines
saying, " Hitherto hath the Lord helped us." (1 Sam. vii. 12.)

9. Beth'lehem, or Beth'lehem Ephra'tah, was the native town of David ;
hence it was often called the city of David ; here, " in the fulness of time,"
the Saviour of men, his descendant according to the flesh, was born. Near
the town were the three pools called the Fountains of Solomon. On the
road to Jerusalem was the tomb of Rachel, Jacob's wife. (Gen. xxxv. 19.)

10. He'bron, twenty-two miles south of Jerusalem, is one of the oldest
cities in the world. On the plain of Mam're, in the vicinity, Abraham fed
his flocks, and here he bought a field, in which was a cave where he might
bury his dead. (Gen. xxiii.) He'bron was David's first capital ; he reigned
here upwards of seven years before he took Jerusalem. (2 Sam. v. 5.)

11. Teko'ah was the native town of the prophet Amos ; he was at first a
herdsman. (Amos i. 1.) To Beth'shemesh the Philis'tines sent the Ark
of the Covenant, which they had captured from the Israelites. It was then
removed to Kir'jath-je'arim, and remained there twenty years ; afterwards,
to the house of O'bed-e'dom, and thence to Jerusalem, where it was placed
in David's palace, and finally in Solomon's temple.

12. Adul'lam was a city of Ca'naan, whose king was conquered by the
Israelites. Near it was a cave, in which David concealed himself. (1 Sam.
xxii. 1.) At Mare'shah an Ethiopian army, of a million of men, under
Ze'rad, was defeated by Asa, king of Judah. (2 Chron. xiv. 10.)

13. At E'phes-dam'min the Philistines were encamped when Goli'ath
defied the host of Israel in the adjacent Vale of E'lah. (1 Sam. xvii. 1.)
Beth-hac'cerem was noted for its vineyards ; it is mentioned in Jer. vi. 1.

6. What was Solomon's temple, &c. ? Describe the temple. What did its
innermost part contain ? By whom was it destroyed ? What did it contain ?
8. What lay north of Jerusalem ? Southwest ? What lay in the same
direction ? 9. What is said of Bethlehem ? Who was born there ? What
was near the town? On the road to Jerusalem? 10. What is said of
Hebron? The plain of Mamre, &c.? What was Hebron? 11. What is
said of Tekoah ? Bethshemesh ? To what places was the ark afterwards
removed ? 12. What is said of Adullam ? Mareshah ? 13. What is said
of Ephes-dammirn ? For what was Beth-haccerern noted ? What took

176 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

At Ba'al-per'azim David defeated the Philis'tines, soon after he was anointed
king of Israel. (2 Sam. v. 20.)

14. En-gedi, or the city of palm-trees, was celebrated for its vineyards,
and its camphire or cypress trees. (Sol. Song i. 14.) The strongholds of
En'gedi, in which David hid himself from Saul (1 Sam. xxiii. 29), were pro-
bably caves in the vicinity. At Ma'on the churlish Na'bal, the first husband
of Ab'igail, resided, though his possessions were in Carmel, a short distance
to the northeast. (1 Sam. xxv. 2.)

Map No. 8.— What tribe bounded Judah on the north ? What tribes on
the west ? What sea on the east ? What countries on the south ? Point
out Jerusalem. Bethlehem. Hebron. Tekoah. Bethshemesh. Adullam.
Mareshah. En-gedi. Maon. — Map No. 10. — Where is the Rock of Rim-
mon ? The Pillar of Absalom ? The stone called Eben-ezer ? Fountains
of Solomon ? The tomb of Rachel ? — Map No. 11. — Point out the Land of
Moriah. Salem. Zion. The Temple. Point out the Vale of Jehoshaphat.
Valley of Gihon. Valley of Hinnom. The Brook Cedron. Stream of Shi-
loah or Gihon. Lower Fountain. Well of Job or EnrogeL

13

GALILEE AND SAMARIA,

WITH THE TOWNS NOTED IN NEW TESTAMENT TIMES.

1. THE kings of Syria divided the land of Israel west of the
Jordan, into the provinces of Galilee, Samaria, and Judea. The
country east of that stream was called Perse'a (beyond). These
divisions were adopted hy the Romans, and were in use in our
Saviour's time.

2. The province of Galilee included the territories of Ash'er,
Is'sachar, Naph'tali, and Zeb'ulon. It comprised some of the most
fertile and populous districts in Palestine, and was divided into
Upper and Lower Galilee. The former was called Galilee of the
Gentiles, from its population being partly of heathen origin.

3. The inhabitants spoke a corrupt dialect ; and hence could be imme-
diately recognised. The apostle Peter was detected by his speech. (Mark
xiv 70.) Among these people, however, our blessed Lord chose his disciples ;
and he resided so long in their country, that he was himself styled a Gali-
lean. (Matt. xxvi. 69.) Many of his miracles were wrought there, and
thither he directed his disciples to repair to meet him, after the resurrection.
(Matt, xxviii. 7 — 16.)

place at Baal-perazim ? 14. For what was En-gedi celebrated ? What is said
of its strongholds ? Of Maon ?

Q. 1. How did the kings of Syria divide the Land of Israel west of Jor-
dan ? What was the country east called ? By whom were these divisions
adopted, &,c.? 2. What did Galilee include? What did it comprise?
How was it divided ? What was the former called ? 3. What is said of the
inhabitants ? The apostle Peter ? Who were chosen from amongst these
people ? What is said of our Lord ? What were wrought there ? 4. What

GALILEE AND SAMARIA. 177

4. Caper'naum was an important town ; it was often the residence of our
Lord ; hence it is called his own city. (Matt. ix. 1.) Here he performed
many miracles, and in its neighbourhood he delivered the Sermon on the
Mount; yet its inhabitants "repented not," and therefore their city was
included with Chora'zin and Bethsa'ida, in a fearful denouncement. (Matt.
ri. 21 — 24.) Caper'naum was also the residence of the apostle Matthew.

5. Tibe'rias was once the capital of Galilee ; the lake on which it stood
was sometimes called the Sea of Tibe'rias. It was rebuilt by Herod An'tipas,
on the site of a more ancient town, and was named by him in honour of the
Emperor Tibe'rias. After the destruction of Jerusalem, it was noted for its
Jewish college.

6. Ca'na, called Ca'na in Galilee, was the town where Christ performed
his first miracle (John ii.); it was also the residence of Nathaniel. Na'in
was the place where the Lord restored to life the widow's son. (Luke vii. 15.)
At Naz'areth he resided with Joseph and Mary until he commenced his
public ministry; hence he was styled Jesus of Naz'areth.

7. Bethsa'ida of Galilee, so called to distinguish it from another town of
the same name in Perae'a, was the residence of the disciples Andrew, Philip,
Peter, James,and John. Ac'cho was called Ptolema'is, in the time of Christ ;
it was, on account of its fine harbour, a town of importance in the time of
the Crusades. It was visited by the apostle Paul, when on his way from
Tyre to Jerusalem. (Acts xxi. 7.)

SAMARIA.

8. SAMARIA, the smallest division of Palestine, derived its name
from the city of Samaria. It lay south of Galilee, and between
the Mediterranean Sea and the river Jordan. Samaria included
the territories of Ephraim and the western half-tribe of Manasseh :
it comprised some of the finest portions of Palestine.

9. When the ten tribes were carried away captive by the Assyr'ians, the
Land of Israel was left nearly desolate, but was soon repeopled by heathen
colonists, and such Israelites as returned from the adjacent countries. These
mixed races were called Samaritans ; they adopted the religion of Moses,
but intermingled it with idolatrous rites and ceremonies ; hence they were
regarded by the Jews with extreme aversion : the latter would not allow
them to worship at Jerusalem ; the Samaritans, therefore, built themselves
a temple on Mount Ger'izim, near She'chem, and worshipped there.

10. Samaria, the chief city, was, in early times, the capital of the king,
dom of Israel ; it was destroyed by the Assyr'ians, but it was afterwards
rebuilt. Herod the Great improved it, and called it Sebas'te. It is now
a mean village, but contains many fragments of ancient buildings, among
others, the walls of a noble church erected on the site of the alleged prison
of John the Baptist

is said of Capernaum ? What is it called ? What was delivered in its
neighbourhood, &c. ? 5. What is said of Tiberias ? By whom was it re-
built, &c.? For what was it noted ? 6. What is said of Cana? Nain ?
Nazareth, &c. ? 7. Who resided at Bethsaida of Galilee ? What is said
of Accho ? By whom was it visited ? 8. What is said of Samaria ? De-
scribe its position. What did it include ? Comprise ? 9. What occurred
when the ten tribes were carried away captive ? What is said of the Sa-
maritans? How were they regarded by the Jews, &c. ? 10. What is said
of the city of Samaria ? By whom was it destroyed ? Who improved it ?

M

178 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

11. Cffisare'a, m the time °f the Romans the chief town of Samaria, was
originally a small Greek colony ; it derived all its importance from Herod,
who made it a renowned city and seaport. Here St. Peter converted Corne-
lius, the Roman centurion, and here also St. Paul defended himself against
the Jews and their orator Tertul'lus. (Acts xxiv.)

12. Sy'char, previously called She'chem and Si'chem, stood between Mount
E'bal and Mount Ger'izim. Near the city was Jacob's Well, where our
Lord held the memorable conversation with the woman of Samaria. (John
iv.) The Emperor Vespa'sian greatly improved the town, and called it
Neap'olis (the New City), which has been since corrupted into Naplous.

13. Antip'atris was named after Antip'ater, the father of Herod. To this
place St. Paul was brought by the Roman soldiers, on his way to Caesare'a.
(Acts xxiii. 31.) Lyd'da was a large town, in New Testament times ; there
St. Peter miraculously healed ^Ene'as. (Acts ix. 33, 34.) ^E'non, near to
Sa'lim, is mentioned as a place where John was baptizing, u because there
was much water there." (John iii. 23.)

14. Jop'pa, now Jaffa, is thirty-six miles northwest of Jerusalem ; it is
one of the most ancient towns in the world. The apostle Peter resided for
some time at Jop'pa, and had there the vision that led to the preaching of
the Gospel to the Gentiles. In the same place he raised to life Dorcas, a
woman " full of good works and alms-deeds." (Acts ix. 40.)

Map No. 11. — Where is Galilee? Upper Galilee? Lower Galilee?
What district occupied the coast of Galilee ? What river separated Galilee
from Persea ? What province lay south of Galilee ? Point out Capernaum.
Tiberias. Cana. Nain. Nazareth. Bethsaida. Point out Samaria. What
province lay north ? South? East ? What sea west ? Where is the city
of Samaria ? Sychar ? Mount Ebal ? Mount Gerizim ? Jacob's Well ?
Caesarea? Antipatris? Lydda? Joppa?

14

JUDEA AND PER,EA,

WITH THE TOWNS NOTED IN NEW TESTAMENT TIMES.

1. JUDEA was the most distinguished, as well as the largest
province in Palestine ; it comprised the territories of Judah, Ben-
jamin, Dan, and Simeon. The interior was rugged and moun-
tainous, but, on the coast, the land was more level and fertile.
The whole province was noted for its palm trees.

What was it then called ? What does it now contain ? 11. What is said
of Caesarea, &c. ? Who did St. Peter convert ? Against whom did St. Paul
defend himself? 12. What is said of Sychar ? What took place at Ja-
cob's Well ? What is said of Vespasian, &c. ? 13. After whom was Anti-
patris named ? Who was brought to this place ? What is said of Lydda,
&c. ? Of jEnon ? 14. What is said of Joppa? Who resided there, &c. ?
Whom did Peter raise to life ?

Q. 1. What was Judea ? What did it comprise?' What is said of the
interior ? The coast ? For what was the province noted ? 2. What is said

JUDEA AND PER.EA. 179

View of modern Jerusalem.

2. Jerusalem, as it existed in the time of our Saviour, was the
city built by the Jews who returned from Babylon ; but neither
the city nor the temple approached their first magnificence until the
reign of Herod, who began about the year 16 B. C. to adorn the
former with many spacious buildings, and repaired the latter from
its very foundations, in a substantial and splendid manner.

3. Bez'etha or the New Town was built by Agrippa, the grandson of
Herod ; in his time the city is supposed to have attained its greatest extent
and population ; it was upwards of four miles in circuit, and had from
100,000 to 150,000 inhabitants.

4. Among the places in Jerusalem noted in our Saviour's history, was the
temple, in which, when only twelve years of age, he sat in the midst of the
doctors, " both hearing them and asking them questions" (Luke ii. 46) ; and
here also he cast out those that bought and sold in it. (Matt. xxi. 12.) Near
the sheep or beast market was the Pool of Bethes'da, where he healed the
lame man on the Sabbath day. (John v. 9.)

5. On the east side of Zion was the Pool of Sil'oam, in which the blind
man, being directed by Christ to wash, received his sight. East of the
city was the garden of Gethsem'ane, where our Lord was betrayed. (Matt.
xxvi. 36.) Westward was Calvary, where he was crucified (Luke xxiii. 33),
and near to it was the garden containing the sepulchre in which his body
was laid. (John xix. 41.) Southward was the Potter's Field, called AceF-
dama, or the Field of Blood. (Acts i. 19.)

6. In Salem or Akra was the Fort of Anti'ochus, built by Anti'ochus Epi-
ph'anes, king of Syria. Fort Antonia was a strong castle, where, in Roman
times, a legion was stationed. In Zion or the Upper Town was Herod's
house, a very splendid structure. Eastward of the city were Beth' phage and
Beth'any ; at the first Christ commenced his triumphal entry into Jerusa-
lem ; at the other, where Mary and Martha resided, lie raised Lazarus from
the dead (John xi. 43) ; and near it he ascended into heaven.

7. The city of Jerusalem was taken and destroyed by Titus, A. D. 70.
Part of it was rebuilt fifty or sixty years afterwards ; and in the fourth cen-

of Jerusalem? Of Herod? 3. Who built Bezetha? What was the state
of Jerusalem in his time ? 4. What places in Jerusalem were noted in our
Saviour's history ? 5. What lay on the east side of Zion ? East of the city ?
Westward ? Southward ? 6. What was in Salem ? What is said of Fort
Antonia ? Herod's house ? What was eastward of the city ? What is

180 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

tury Helena, the mother of Constantine, caused various chapels and monu-
ments to be erected on the places rendered memorable by events in the life
of Christ. Since that time, this city has been annually visited by thousands
of pilgrim*, from all parts of Christendom ; but their numbers are now less
than they were formerly. Jerusalem is greatly reduced from its ancient
extent and magnificence, but it is still an object of the highest veneration, to
Jews and Christians as well as to Mahomedans.

Birth of Christ.

8. Bethlehem, six miles south of Jerusalem, is memorable for the birth
of our Lord and Saviour (Matt. ii. ; Luke ii. 7.), 4004 years after the creation
of the world : it is now visited chiefly for the sake of the convent built by
the Empress Helena, over a subterranean grotto, where- is shown a marble
basin, said to be the manger in which the infant Saviour was laid.

9. Jer'icho, the city of palm trees, was, under the Romans, one of the
principal towns in Palestine, and the residence of Herod the Great. Zac'-
cheus, the chief of the publicans, lived here. (Luke xix. 1 — 5.) Near
the city, Jesus healed two blind men. (Matt. xx. 30.) At Em'maus our
Lord appeared, after his resurrection, to two of his disciples. (Luke xxiv.
13.)

1 0. At Jut'tah, in the hill country, the parents of John the Baptist are
supposed to have resided. (Luke i. 39.) Ephraim was the town where
Christ lived, for a time, for the sake of security. (John xi. 54.) Arimathe'a
was the residence of Joseph, who begged of Pilate the body of our Lord,
and buried it in his own tomb. (Matt, xxvii. 57.)

PER^E'A.

11. PERJE'A was the eastern province of Palestine ; it comprised,
in its enlarged sense, the districts of Gauloni'tis, Batanse'a, Perae'a

said of Bethphage ? Bethany ? 7. When was Jerusalem taken, &c., by
Titus ? What took place fifty or sixty years afterwards ? In the fourth
century ? What has taken place since that time ? What is said of Jeru-
salem ? 8. What is said of Bethlehem? For what is it now visited?
9. What is said of Jericho? Who lived here? What occurred near the
city? At Emmaus? 10. Who are supposed to have resided at Juttah ?
What is said of Ephraim? Arimathea? 11. What was Peraea ? What

LAND OF THE PHILISTINES. 181

Proper, Iturae'a, Abile'ne, Trachoni'tis, and Aurani'tis ; the last
two lay altogether east of Palestine, and the next two were only
part in Perre'a.

12. The Decap'olis was a league composed often cities, whence the name;
they were all in Perae'a except Bethshe'an or Scythop'olis, which lay in Sa-
ma'ria. The inhabitants were chiefly Greeks, who received various im-
portant privileges from the Romans. Multitudes of people came from these
cities to our Lord, at the commencement of his ministry (Malt. iv. 25),
and in some of them he performed several miracles.

13. In the vicinity of Gad'ara, called the country of the Gadare'nes by St
Mark, and of the Gergese'nes by St. Matthew, our Lord met and healed
" two possessed with devils." (Matt. viii. 8.) Caesare'a Philip'pi was at
first called Dan. Our Saviour visited and taught in this place, and here
he gave the memorable rebuke to Peter. (Mark viii. 27 — 33.)

14. Bethsa'ida was surnamed Julias : in a desert place belonging to this
city, Jesus fed the five thousand. (Luke ix. 10 — 14.) Mag'dala and Dal-
manu'tha were small towns near the southern extremity of the Sea of Gali-
lee : to the first named belonged Mary, called Mary Magdalene. (Markxv.
40.) Dalrnanu'tha is mentioned by Mark, viii. 10, and Mag'dala by Matthew,
xv. 39. At Bethab'ara beyond Jordan, " where John was baptizing" (John
i. 28), it is thought he baptized Christ.

Map No. 9. — What province lay north of Judea? What sea east? West?
Country south ? Point out Jerusalem. Jericho. The other towns. Point
out Peraea. What provinces lay west ? What country northeast ? South-
east ? Point out Gaulonitis. Bataneea. The other districts. The cities of
the Decapolis. (The names are underscored, in the Map.) Where isCaesarea ?
The other towns ? — Map No. 11.— Point out Bezetha. The Temple. Pool
ofBethesda. Pool of Siloarn. Gethsemane. Mount Calvary. The Potter's
Field. Salem or Akra. Fort Antiochus. Antonia or Anthony. Zion.
Herod's house. Bethphage. Bethany.

LAND OF THE PHILIS'TINES.

TYRE AND SIDON, SYRIA, ETC.

1 . THE LAND OF THE PHILIS'TINES extended about forty miles
along the coasts of Dan and Simeon ; it was divided into five
lordships, which were named after the five chief cities, Ga'za,
As'kelon, Ash'dod, Ek'ron,and Gath. These cities were sometimes
called the Pentap'olis of Palestine.

did it comprise ? What is said of the last two ? The next two ? 12. De-
scribe the Decapolis. What were the inhabitants, &c. ? What is said of
the people from those cities ? 13. What took place in the vicinity of Ga-
dara? What is said of Ccesarea Philippi ? 14. What was Bethsaida?
Magdala and Dalmanutha ? What is said of Bethabara ?
Q. 1. Describe the Land of the Philistines. How was it divided, tSte. ?
16

182 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

2. The Philis'tines were descended from Miz'raim (Gen. x. 14); they
came, probably, from Egypt, expelled the A'vim, and settled in their place.
They were a warlike people, and several times oppressed the Israelites
grievously ; captured the Ark and defeated Saul. Afterwards they were
repeatedly overcome by David, and Uzzi'ah, king of Judah, took most of
their towns. (2 Chron. xxvi. 6.) They have long ceased to exist as a nation,
thus fulfilling the prophecy ; u The remnant of the Philis'tines shall perish,
faith the Lord God." (Amos i. 8.)

TYRE AND Sl'DON OR Zl'DON.

3. TYRE and SI'DON were rich commercial cities, that lay wifv, a
the bounds of the tribe of Asher, but were never conquered by the
Israelites. Their territory was the Phoenicia of the Greeks and
Romans. In the Old Testament it is called Si'don, and also Tyre
and Si'don. The New Testament name is Syro-Phcenic'ia.

4. Tyre and Si'don were each governed by their own kings. Hi'ram, king
of Tyre, was the friend of both David and Solomon, and Eth'baal, king of
Sidon, was the father of Jez'ebel, the wife of Ahab. (1 Kings xvi. 31.) In
the reign of Zedeki'ah the kings of Tyre and S'idon sent ambassadors to
Jerusalem to obtain assistance against Nebuchadnez'zar. (Jer. xxvii. 3.)

5. Si'don was the oldest town on the coast of Syria : in Joshua's time it
was called Great Zi'don. (Josh. xi. 8.) After a long period of prosperity,
it was, as predicted by the prophet Ezekiel, destroyed by the Persians ; it
was afterwards rebuilt, but never regained its former importance, and is now
a small, unimportant town.

Ruins of Tyre.

6. Tyre was a Sidonian colony, whence it is called the daughter of Zi'don.
^Isa. xxiii. 12.) It became the emporium of the ancient world ; and at the
time of her greatest splendour, Isaiah speaks of Tyre as the "crowning
city, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honourable
of the earth." (xxiii. 8.) The description given by Ezekiel (xxvii.) of the
trade of Tyre, its vast extent, and the variety of the commodities employed
in it, forms the most interesting account of ancient commerce on record.

2. From whom were the Philistines descended ? What were they, &c.
What afterwards occurred ? What is said of their national existence ?

3. Describe Tyre and Sidon. What is said of their territory, &,c. ? 4. Of
their government ? Of Hiram ? Ethbaal ? What was done in the reign
of Zedckiah ? 5. What is said of Sidon ? Of its destruction ? What took
place afterwards ? fi. What was Tyre ? What did it become ? In what
terms did Isaiah speak of Tyre ? What is suid of the description given by

SYRIA. 183

7. This city was taken, after a siege of thirteen years, and destroyed by
Nebuchadnez'zar, king of Babylon. It rose afterwards to wealth and dis-
tinction, but its subsequent history is not recorded in Scripture. Tyre is
now a small fishing village, and its condition corresponds most remarkably
with what was foretold by Ezekiel. It has become "like the top of a rock,
a place for the spreading of nets." (xxvi. 4, 5.) The only remains of the
ancient city are some broken walls, columns, and arches.

SYR'IA.

8. SYR'IA was called at first A'ram, from being settled by the
descendants of A'ram, the son of Shem. It was an extensive re-
gion, and included Pa'dan A'ram and some other countries, as well
as Palestine ; but the latter is always mentioned, in the Bible, as
a distinct territory. Syria comprised several small kingdoms, such
as Syria of Damas'cus, Syria of Zo'bah, of Ish-Tob, of Ma'acah.
of Ha'math, and of Re'hob, which were almost constantly at war
with the Israelites.

9. Nearly the whole of Syria was subdued by David more than 1000
years B. C., but it regained its independence, and was again conquered, first
by the Assyrians, then by the Persians, and next by Alexander the Great.
The Greek successors of that conqueror were the Seleu'cidae, who endea-
voured, to force the Grecian idolatry upon the Jews, but were manfully
resisted by the latter under the command of the Mac'cabees. In the time
of our Lord, Syria was a Roman province, having An'tioch for its capital.
Judea, and the other districts of Palestine, were its dependencies.

] 0. Damas'cus is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is mentioned
in Scripture as early as the days of Abraham, whose servant, Eliezer, was
born there. (Gen. xv. 2.) It was besieged and taken by David, and after-
wards by Jerobo'am. It was captured by Tig'lath-pile'ser, 740 B. C.

11. It is noted as the place where Paul received his sight, after the vision
which he saw in travelling thither ; and from the wall of the city he was
let down in a basket, when his life was in danger. The street called Straight,
in which he lived (Acts ix. 11), is still shown by the inhabitants. Near
Damas'cus are the rivers Ab'ana and Phar'par, which Na'aman, the Syrian,
preferred to all the waters of Israel. (2 Kings v. 12.)

12. At An'tioch the apostle Luke was born ; and there the followers of the
Redeemer were first called Christians. (Acts xi. 26.) Hel'bon or Chalybon
was noted for its wine. (Ezek. xxvii. 18.) Tiph'sah, on the Euphrates,
was the boundary of Solomon's kingdom in that quarter. Seleu'cia was a
noted seaport, from which Paul took ship for Cyprus. (Acts xiii. 4.) Tad'-
inor in the Wilderness, the Palmy'ra of the Greeks, was built by Solomon.
(1 Kings ix. 18.) Ha'math and Zo'bah were towns noted in the time of David.

Ezekiel ? 7. Of its capture and destruction ? To what did it rise ? What
is it now ? With what does it correspond ? 8. Describe Syria. What did
it comprise ? 9. By whom was it subdued ? Again conquered, &c. ? What
is said of the Seleucidoe ? Of Syria in our Lord's time ? 10. Describe Da-
mascus. What is mentioned of it in Scripture ? By whom was it besieged ?
Captured? 11. For what is it noted? What is still shown ? What are
near Damascus? 12. What is said of Antioch ? Helbon? Tiphsah?

184 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

PA'DAN A'RAM.

13. PA'DAN A'RAM (the Plain of Syr'ia) was the Mesopota'mia
of the Greeks : A'ram Nahara'im (Syria of the Rivers) is the He-
brew name for the same region. It lay between the Euphrates
and Tigris rivers, and was the native country of Abraham.

14. Jacob resided in Pa'dan A'ram, with Laban, and it is believed that
the wise men who came from the East to worship Jesus, were Mesopota'-
mians. Ur of the Chaldees,the birth-place of Abraham, is supposed to have
been in Pa'dan A'ram. At Ha' ran, Te'rah, Abraham's father, died. (Gen.
xi. 32.) In the New Testament this town is called Char'ran. (Acts vii. 4.)
It is now known by its first name.

Map No. 8.— Point out Dan. Simeon. The Philistines. The five cities.
Point out Phoenicia. The city of Tyre. Sidon. Accho. This place was
afterwards called Ptolemais. — Map No. 6. — Where is Aram or Syria?
Helbon? Tiphsah? Tadmor? Zobah? Hamath ?— Map No. 2.— Where
is Antioch ? Seleucia I—Map No. 6.— Where is Padan Aram? Haran ?
Ur ? — Map No. 8. — Point out Damascus. The river Abana. Pharpar.

16

ARABIA,
INCLUDING AM'ALEK, AM'MON, MO'AB, E'DOM, MID'IAN, ETC.

1. ARABIA is an extensive region which lies south and east of
the Land of Israel. It comprised, in early times, a number of little
States, of which Am'alek, Am'mon, Mo'ab, E'dom,and Midian lay
nearest to Palestine. In the western part of Arabia the Israelites
sojourned for forty years ; and here those wonderful miracles, the
passage of the Red Sea, the supply of quails and manna, and the
giving of the law on Mount Sinai, were performed.

2. The Israelites called Arabia "the East Country" (Gen.xxv.6),
antl its inhabitants " the Children of the East ;" and the latter are also
spoken of, in Scripture, as "the mingled people" that dwelt in the
desert. (Jer. xxv. 20 — 24.) The first settlers of Arabia were the
descendants of Cush, the son of Ham, and from them its southern
division was, for a time, called Cush or Ethiopia.

3. The Arabians of the present day are the offspring of Ishmael, the
son of Abraham and Hagar, concerning whom the prediction, " He will be
a wild man," &c. (Gen. xvi. 12), has been fully accomplished. His descend-

Seleucia? Tadmor? 13. Describe Padan Aram. Who was born in it?
14. Who resided in it? What is believed? What is said of Ur? Of
Haran ?

Q. 1. Describe Arabia. What did it comprise ? What occurred there ?
2. What did the Israelites call Arabia ? Its inhabitants ? What is said
of the first settlers ? 3. Whose posterity are the Arabians ? What was the

ARABIA.

185

ants are now literally wild men, living- by plunder, residing in tents, and
roaming free and unsubdued over their vast sandy deserts.

! --=^

Descendants of Ishmael or Bedouins.

4. The AMAI/EKITES dwelt in the desert south of the Land of Canaan ; they
attacked the Israelites at Reph'idim, where Joshua defeated them ; long
afterwards they were routed by Gideon, and then by Saul. After Hezekiah's
time, nothing whatever is known of them, as a nation ; thus fulfilling the
denunciation of the Lord ; " I will utterly put out the remembrance of
Am'alek from under heaven." (Exod. xvii. 14.)

5. The AM'MONITES and the MO'ABITES, the descendants of Lot, Abraham's
nephew, inhabited part of the country that lay east of Palestine. They
were generally hostile to the Israelites, and oppressed them on various
occasions. They were both conquered by David (2 Sam. viii. ; xii. 31), but
afterwards they regained their independence. Rab'bath-Am'mon and Rab'-
bath-Moab, the capitals of the Am'monites and the Mo'abites, were both
noted cities.

6. The Am'monites occupied the lands of Reuben and Gad, when those
tribes were carried into captivity ; afterwards they became gradually inter-
mingled with the neighbouring nations, and have long ceased to exist. The
Mo'abites lay south of the Am'mpnites, and east of the Red Sea. Their
country was noted for its rich soil and its abundant crops. It was invaded
by Shalmane'zer, king of Assyr'ia, and subsequently by Nebuchadnez'zar,
who carried away the inhabitants captive.

7. Many of the Mo'abites returned from captivity along with the Jews,
rebuilt their ruined cities, and remained independent until they were sub-
dued by the Mac'cabees, B. C. 78. Mo'ab became with the Romans, on
account of its fertility, a favoured district; but its rich soil has long been a
barren waste, and is now the prey of the Bedouin's. Thus is fulfilled the
prophecy, " Behold the days come, saith the Lord, that I will send into
Mo'ab wanderers, that shall cause him to wander." (Jer. xlviii. 12.)

prediction concerning Ishmael, &c. ? 4. Where did the Amalekites dwell?
By whom were they defeated, &c. ? Describe their subsequent fate.
5. What is said of the Ammonites and Moabites ? By whom were they
conquered? 6. What did the Ammonites occupy? What afterwards oc-
curred ? Describe the position of the Moabites. Their country, &c. By
whom were they invaded ? 7. What is said of the return from captivity ?
What did Moab become, &c. ? Subsequently ? What is fulfilled ? 8. What
16*

186 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

8. E'DOM, MOUNT SEIR or IDUME'A, was the country of the E'domites, the
posterity of E'sau, Jacob's elder brother. It lay south of the Dead Sea, and
was first inhabited by the Ho'rites, who were expelled by the children of
E'sau. The E'domites were constantly hostile to their brethren of Israel,
and always rejoiced at and took advantage of their calamities.

9. They were rendered tributary by David, thus fulfilling the prediction,
" the elder shall serve the younger." (Gen. xxv. 23.) Subsequently they
revolted from Israel ; and, when Judah was carried away captive by Nebu-
chadnez'zar, they conquered the southern part of the country belonging to
that tribe, and kept possession of it until the time of John Hyrca'nus. For
their selfish conduct to their brethren, the Lord had declared, " Thou shalt
be desolate, O Mount Seir,and all Idume'a" (Ezek.xxxv. 15), "and there shall
not be any remaining of the house of E'sau;" (Obad. i. 18), prophecies
which have been fully accomplished.

10. Se'lah, their noted capital, was taken by Amazi'ah, who changed its
name to Jok'theel. (2 Kings xiv. 7.) It was once a great commercial em-
porium, and almost rivalled Tyre. It was long forgotten, but its singular
position and appearance have latterly attracted visitors. It is now known
by its Greek name, Pe'tra. E'zion-ge'ber and E'lath were noted seaports
on the eastern gulf of the Red Sea, whence the fleets of Solomon and Hiram
sailed to Ophir and Tarshish.

11. The LAND OP MID'IAN lay partly east of E'dom and partly along the
east coast of the Red Sea : it was famous for its camels. The Mid'ianites
were descendants of Abraham and Ketu'rah : they were early a commercial
people, and traded to Egypt in spices, balm, &c. Moses, after he fled from
Egypt, resided here forty years, and kept the flocks of his father-in-law, Je
thro, priest of Mid'ian. (Exod. iii. 1.)

12. The Mid'ianites joined with Mo'ab in seducing Israel to sin, for which
they were severely chastised. Afterwards, in conjunction with the Amal'e-
kites, they reduced them to bondage, but on the defeat of their great army
by Gideon (Judges vii.), the remnant of these people became incorporated
with the Mo'abites and E'domites, and Mid'ian ceased to exist as a nation.

13. The LAND OF Uz, in which Job resided, was doubtless a rich pastoral
country (Job i. 3) : it is supposed to have comprised various independent
tribes, as Jeremiah speaks of all the kings of Uz. (Jer. xxv. 20.) KE'DAR
and NEBAI'OTH lay south of Uz : the people of the former are mentioned as
archers (Isa. xxi. 17), and both were rich in flocks and herds. (Isa. Ix. 7.)
Sab'tah, Ha'zor, Se'leph, Te'ma, and Hav'ilah were districts in tne central
and eastern parts of Arabia, of which but little is known.

14. DE'DAN and RA'AMAH were the easternmost districts of Arabia ; their
inhabitants early engaged in traffic, and are mentioned in Scripture in con-
nection with other commercial States. (Ezek. xxvii. 22.) SHE'BA, the queen
of which visited Solomon (1 Kings x. 1), lay in the most fertile part of

is said of Edom, &c. ? Its position? First inhabitants? The Edomites?
9. What is said of David ? What prediction was fulfilled ? What occurred
subsequently? What was the effect of their selfish conduct? 10. What is
said of Selah ? What were Ezion-geber and Elath? 11. Describe the po-
sition of Midian. For what was it famous? What were the Midianites?
What is said of Moses ? 12. With what people did the Midianites join ?
What occurred afterwards ? 13. Describe the Land of Uz, &c. Kedar and
Nebaioth. Sabtah, &c. 14. State the position of Dedan and Raamah. Sheba.
What is said of Seba, &c. ? Hazarmaveth ?

EGYPT, ETHIOPIA, ETC. 187

Arabia : its merchants traded in gold and incense. (Isa. Ix. 6. ; Jer. vi. 20.)
Se'ba and U'zal were districts in the same region ; the former is often
mentioned with She'ba. In classical geography the people of both these
countries are included under the name of Sabee'ans. Ha'zarma'veth lay
along the shores of the Arabian Sea.

Map No. 6. — Point out Arabia. What sea bounds it on the west ? What
river northeast? Where is Amalek? Ammon? Moab? Edom? Mi-
dian ? Land of Uz ? Kedar ? Nebaioth ? Sabtah ? Hazor ? Seleph ?
Tema? Havilah? Dedan ? Raamah? Sheba? Seba ? Uzal? Hazar-
mavoth ? Point out the wilderness. This region, probably, lay east of the
Land of Israel, as the wind out of the wilderness is also called the East
Wind. (Hosea xiii. 15.)

17

EGYPT, ETHIO'PIA, ETC.

1. THE LAND OF EGYPT was settled by Miz'raim, the son of
Ham (Gen. x. 6) ; hence the Israelites termed it Miz'raim, and
sometimes " the Land of Ham." (Ps. cv. 23.) The Arabs now
call it Mazr or Mizr, an abbreviation of the Hebrew name.

2. Egypt was visited by Abraham 1920 B. C., on account of a
famine in the Land of Canaan (Gen. xii. 10) ; and a similar cause
led afterwards to the settlement in it of Jacob and his sons. (Gen.
xlii. 12.) Though the country was preserved from destruction by
the inspired wisdom of Joseph, yet his brethren, the Israelites, were
cruelly oppressed by the Egyptians ; but Moses was at length
enabled to deliver them from bondage.

3. From this period we read no more of Egypt in the Scriptures, until
the time of Solomon, who married Pharaoh's daughter. (1 Kings iii. 1.)
In the reign of his son Rehobo'am Jerusalem was captured by the Egyptian
king Shi'shak (1 Kings xiv. 25) : subsequently, the two nations became
allies, and, when harassed by the invasions of the Assyrians, the Hebrews
often looked to the Egyptians for help (2 Kings xvii. 4; xviii. 21), though
warned by the prophet not "to strengthen themselves in the strength of
Pharaoh, and to trust in the shadow of Egypt." (Isa. xxx. 2.)

4. In these expectations they were generally deceived, arid heavy judg-
ments are denounced against the treachery of Egypt (Ezek. xxix.), which
have been signally fulfilled. "There shall no more be a prince of the Land
of Egypt," is the doom pronounced (Ezek. xxx. 13) about 572 B. C., and from
that period until the present day, that country has been ruled entirely by
foreigners, and has never had a native prince.

5. The Nile is the only river in Egypt ; and it was the largest known to
the ancients: it is alluded to, in Scripture, as "the river" (Gen. xli. 1), and

Q. 1. By whom was Egypt settled? What did the Israelites term it?
What do the Arabs call it ? 2. What is said of Abraham ? Jacob ? Jo-
seph ? Moses ? 3. What is said of Egypt ? What took place in the reign
of Rehoboam ? What did the Hebrews do subsequently, &c. ? 4. What
was the result ? What judgments have been fulfilled ? 5. What is said

188 SACKED GEOGRAPHY.

also as the "flood of Egypt." (Amos viii. 8.) Its inundations diffused fer-
tility and plenty over the land, while their failure occasioned famine and
distress. The prophets often foretold a decrease of the usual supply of water,
as a judgment upon Egypt, for its wickedness. (Isa. xix. 5.) Among the
flags on the banks of this stream Moses was hid by his mother, in an
ark of bulrushes, from the cruelty of the Egyptians, but was discovered by
the daughter of Pharaoh, who brought him up as her own son. (Exod. ii.)

Moses found by Pharaoh's Daughter.

6. The southern division of Egypt, the Theba'is of the Greeks, was
called, by the Hebrews, Path'ros, and its inhabitants, the Pathru'sim. In this
district stood the city of No, called, in Scripture, " populous No" (Nahum
iii. 8) ; it was the renowned Thebes, the city of an hundred gates. Sye'ne,
now Assouan', is still, as it was in the days of the prophets, the most southern
town in Egypt.

7. In Lower Egypt stood Sin or Pelu'sium ; a strongly fortified city, and
called, in Scripture, " the strength of Egypt." (Ezek. xxx. 1 5.) Pi'thom
and Raam'ses or Ram'eses were the treasure-cities, built by the Israelites,
(Ex. i. 11.) On or Beth'-shemesh, the Heliop'olis of the Greeks, was a
large city, not far from Cairo. Joseph married the daughter of the priest
of On. (Gen. xli. 45.) Phib'eseth is mentioned Ezek. xxx. 17, and Ha'nes,
Isa. xxx. 4. Goshen, the rich pastoral district in which the Israelites first
dwelt, lay in Lower Egypt, along the eastern bank of the Nile.

8. Tahap'anes or Tah'panhes was a resort for many of the Jews, after the
destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnez'zar. (Jer. xliii. 7 — 9.) Zo'anwas
the place where Moses wrought miracles in the presence of Pharaoh. (Ps.
Ixxvii. 12.) Noph or Memphis, once the capital of Egypt, is now, as pre-
dicted by the prophet, "waste and desolate." (Jer. xvi. 19.)

9. Alexandria, so renowned for its commerce, is alluded to only in the
New Testament : some of those who disputed with Stephen were Alexan-
drians. (Acts vi. 9.) Apol'los, the associate of Paul, was a Jew of Alexan-

of the Nile ? Of its inundations ? What did the prophets foretell ? Who
was hid among the flags on the banks of the Nile? 6. What was the
southern division of Egypt, &c. called ? What city was in this district?
7. What is said of Sin ? Pithom and Raamses ? On ? Phibeseth ? Ha-
nes ? Goshen ? 8. Tahapanes ? Zoan ? Noph ? 9. Alexandria ? Who

ETHIOPIA. 189

dria (Acts xviii. 24), and it was in a ship of Alexandria that the apostle
sailed from My'ra to Italy. (Acts xxvii. 6.)

10. THE term Ethiopia is used in Scripture to designate Gush
or Southern Arabia, the region that was settled by Gush, the
son of Ham, and it is thought, also, to signify Babylon as well
as India. Both the territories now known as Nu'bia and Abyssinia
were likewise called Ethio'pia.

1 1 . The latter is the country of Queen Can'dace, whose treasurer
was baptized by the apostle Philip. (Acts viii. 36.) Her king-
dom, it is believed, was the Mer'oe of the Romans. That part of
Africa is well watered by the Nile and its branches ; hence the
prophets (Zeph. iii. 10; Isa. xviii. 1) speak of the rivers of
Ethio'pia.

12. The Ethio'pians are mentioned, in Scripture, as "men of stature"
(Isa. xlv. 14) : some of the classic writers speak of them in the same way,
and modern travellers have noticed tribes, 011 the Upper Nile, remarkable
for their height. These people are enumerated, with other nations, as allies
of the Egyptians (2 Chron. xii. 3).

13. SEBA, mentioned in connection with Ethio'pia (Isa. xliii. 3), is sup-
posed to have been a district on the river Nile. LU'DIM (Isa. Ixvi. 19) and
CHUB (Ezek. xxx. 6), were probably in the same region. The LU'BIMS and
SUK'KIIMS were, with the Ethio'pians, the auxiliaries of Shi'shak's army when
he invaded Judah. The first were doubtless the Le'habim or Lib'yans of
Gyrene, now Barca. The other is conjectured to have been a Nu'bian nation,
near the Red Sea. The Naph'tuhim dwelt west of the Land of Egypt.

14. PUL, spoken of by Isaiah (Ixvi. 19), was a district in the vicinity of
the southern boundary of Egypt. AN'AMIM was probably the country of the
Ammo'nians, now the oasis of Siwah. PUT or PHUT was one of the sons
of Ham ; his descendants were the Maurita'nians and Numid'ians ; they are
mentioned by the prophet Nahum (iii. 9), as helpers of Nineveh, and by
Ezekiel (xxvii. 10), as soldiers in the armies of Tyre.

Man No. 6. — Point out Egypt or Mizraim. What bounds Egypt on tho
north ? On the east ? What is the Scripture name of the stream that flows
through it ? Where is Pathros ? No or Thebes ? Syene I—Map No. 7.—
Point out Goshen. Sin or Pelusium. Pithom and Rameses or Raamses.
On or Bethshemesh. Noph or Memphis. Phibeseth. llanes. Tahapanes.
Zoan. — Map No. 6. — Where is Ethiopia? What sea lies eastward ? Point
out Scba. Ludim. Chub. The Sukkiims. Where is Lubim or Lehabim ?
Naphtuhim ? Pul ? Anamim ? Point out Put or Phut

were Alexandrians? 10. For what was the term Ethiopia used ? What
was it thought to signify ? What territories were likewise called Ethiopia?
1 1. What is the latter ? What was her kingdom believed to be ? By what
river was it watered, &c. ? 12. How are the Ethiopians mentioned in Scrip-
ture, &c. ? How are they enumerated ? 13. What is said of Seba ? Ludim ?
The Lubirns and Sukkiims ? What were the first ? The other ? 14. What
is said of Pul ? Anamim ? Put or Phut ? For what are they mentioned
by the prophets ?

190 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

THE EAST.

1. THE East is a general term, with the sacred writers, for al!
the countries that lay eastward of the Land of Israel. Sometimes
it applied to Am'mon, Mo'ab, Ke'dar, Uz, &c., but more especially
to Shinar or Babylon, Assyr'ia, Elarn, and the other regions be-
yond the Euphrates.

SHI'NAR OR BABYLON.

2. THE Land of Shi'nar was the scene of some of the earliest
recorded events. Here was built the Tower of Babel, and here,
the language of the children of men was confounded. In the
days of Abraham the king of Shi'nar was one of the confederate
princes who invaded Canaan. (Gen. xiv. 1.) It was one of the
most fertile countries in the world, but now, as foretold by Jere-
miah, it is " become a desolation among the nations." (Jer. 1. 23.)

3. This region comprised Babel, Babylonia or Chalde'a, and probably,
at first, some portions of the adjacent territories. In Scripture it is gene-
rally called Babylon. It was intersected by the Euphrates, and bounded, on
the east, by the Tigris river, and was watered by numerous canals ; hence
it was said "to dwell upon many waters" (Jer. li. 13) ; and Isaiah called it
the "desert of the sea" (xxi. 1), probably because during the inundation of
its rivers the surface of the country resembled a sea.

4. Babylon was, for many centuries, a mere province of the Assyr'ian
empire, but it attained to independence, and became a powerful monarchy.
Its first king, mentioned in Scripture, is Bero'dach Bal'adan, who sent let-
ters and a present to Hezekiah. (2 Kings xx. 12.) Subsequently Babylon
was again brought under the power of Assyr'ia, but, after a period, Nabo-
polaz'zar rendered it once more independent, when it became the greatest
empire of that time. Nebuchadnez'zar, the successor of Nabopolaz'zar, con-
quered Judea, destroyed Jerusalem, and carried away the people captive.

5. With the impious Belshaz'zar, the grandson of Nebuchadnez'zar, the
Babylonish monarchy came to an end. On the last night of his reign he
gave a splendid feast to his court, in the midst of which the scene of the
hand-writing on the wall, as related Dan. v. 5 — 25, took place. The city was
then taken by the Medes and Persians. From that period Babylon sunk
rapidly into decay, and for many ages this once proud city has remained in
the condition predicted by the prophet : " Babylon shall become heaps ; an
astonishment ; without an inhabitant." (Jer. li. 37.)

Q. 1. What is the East? How is the term sometimes applied? More
especially ? 2. What was the Land of Shinar, &c. ? What is said of its
king ? What was this counfty ? 3. What did it comprise ? How was it
intersected ? Bounded, &c. ? WThat did Isaiah call it ? 4. What is said of
Babylon ? Its first king mentioned in Scripture ? What occurred subse-
quently, &c. ? What is said of Nebuchadnezzar ? 5. With whom did the
monarchy end ? What took place on the last night of his reign ? What

ASSHUR OR ASSYRIA. 191

6. The city of Babylon was built by Nimrod, where the tower of Babel
stood. In Scripture it is called the "lady of kingdoms," "given to plea-
sures" (Isa. xlvii. 5 — 8), "the beauty of the Chaldees excellency" (Isa. xiii
19), and is always spoken of as a proud and luxurious city.

7. When at the height of its power, Babylon was the centre of a vast
commerce. It is styled a " land of traffic," " a city of merchants." (Ezek.
xvii. 4.) Its manufactures were doubtless noted at a very early period, as
we read in Joshua of a "goodly Babylonish garment." (Josh. vii. 21.)

Nebuchadnezzar's golden Image, with the fiery Furnace.

8. Near the city of Babylon was the Plain of Dura (Dan. iii. 1), where
the golden image of Nebuchadnez'zar was set up, in the time of Daniel, to be
worshipped ; which Sha'drach, Me'shach,and Abed'-nego refusing to do, they
were cast into a fiery furnace, in the midst of which they were most miracu-
lously preserved. (Dan. iii. 21 — 27.)

ASSH'UR OR ASSYR'IA.

9. ASSH'UR or ASSYR'IA lay northeast of Shinar, and was one of
the first settled countries in the world. Nin'eveh, its capital, was
founded by Assh'ur, the second son of Shem. (Gen. x. 11.) It
became a great empire, and its monarchs conquered the kingdom
of Israel, and carried away the ten tribes into captivity.

10. Nothing is said of Assyr'ia, in Scripture, from its first settlement
until the time that the prophet Jonah visited Nin'eveh, 825 B. C. (Jonah
i. 2) ; about fifty years afterwards, Pul rendered the kingdom of Israel tribu-
tary. (2 Kings xv. 19.) His successors, Tig'lath-pile'ser and Shalmane zer,
executed the threatenings of the Lord against the rebellious house of Israel.
(1 Chron. v. 26 ; 2 Kings xvii. 6.) Judah, in the reign of Hezekiah, was*
threatened by Sennach'erib, but the latter was thwarted in his purpose in a
miraculous manner. (2 Kings xix. 35.)

was the fate of Babylon from that period ? 6. When and by whom was
Babylon built ? What was it called in Scripture ? 7. What was Babylon
when at the height of its power ? What is said of its manufactures ?
8. What is said of the Plain of Dura ? Of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-
nego ? 9. What is said of Asshur ? Of Nineveh ? What did it become ?
10. When did Jonah visit Nineveh ? What is said of Pul ? His succes

im SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

11 The Assyr'ian empire, styled by God himself " the rod of mine anger"
(Isa. x. 5), having fulfilled the purposes of the Almighty in the chastisement
of the apostate Jews, was, in accordance with prophecy (Isa. xxx. 31 ; Mi-
cahv. 6; Zeph. ii. 13), itself "beaten down" and destroyed. This event
occurred about the year 607 B. C., when the Medes and Babylonians cap-
tured Nin'eveh, and partitioned its territories between them.

12. Nin'eveh, the capital of Assyr'ia, was built on the left bank of the
Hid'dekel or Tigris river ; it is called, by Jonah, " an exceeding great city
of three days' journey" (Jonah iii. 3) ; and profane writers describe it as
equalling Babylon in size and splendour. Its wickedness occasioned the
mission of the prophet, which produced a temporary reformation of the
inhabitants ; but succeeding prophets speak of the Ninevites as a proud
and cruel people, and denounce fearful judgments against them, which have
been long ago accomplished.

13. Nothing now remains of this great capital except some huge mounds
of rubbish, which lie opposite to Mo'sul, thus verifying the prediction of
Zephani'ah ; " He will make Nin'eveh a desolation, and dry like a wilder-
ness." (Zeph. ii. 13.) The small village of Nu'nio is on the site of the
ancient city, the name of which is, no doubt, derived from the latter.

Map No. 6. — Point out Ammon. Moab. Kedar. Uz.. Shinar. Baby-
Ionia or Chaldea. The city of Babylon. Assyria. Elam. The Euphra-
tes river. The Hiddekel or Tigris. The city of Nineveh.

19

E'LAM, ME'DIA, ETC.

1. E'LAM was named from E'lam, the son of Shem ; it lay east
of the Tigris river, and was a very early established kingdom.
Chedorla'omer, its first known sovereign, lived in the days of
Abraham. (Gen. xiv. 15.) Elam was the Scripture name for Per-
sia, before the time of Daniel, but afterwards it became a mere
province of the empire founded by Cyrus. It was the Elyma'is of
the Greek geographers.

2. The E'lamites are enumerated by Ezra (5v. 9) among the people of the
Persian empire ; by Isaiah, as archers, with chariots and horsemen (xxii. 6),
and by Jeremiah and Ezekrel, as a nation destined to be visited by the ter-
rible judgments of God. (Ezek. xxxii. 24.) In Acts ii. 9, E'lamites are
mentioned as being present at the miraculous occurrences of the day of
Pentecost.

sors? OfJudah? 11. What was the Assyrian empire styled, &c. ? What
took place in accordance with prophecy ? When did this event occur, &c.?

12. Describe Nineveh. What is it called by Jonah ? What did its wicked-
ness occasion, &c. ? How do succeeding prophets speak of the Ninevites ?

13. What is said of the remains of Nineveh ? The prediction of Zephaniah ?
What stands on its site ?

Q. 1. What is said of Elam ? Of Chedorlaomer ? What was Elam ?
2. What is said of the Elamites by Ezra ? By Isaiah ? Jeremiah and
Ezeldcl ? Where were Elamites present ? 3. What is said of Shushan ?

pl
B

ELAM, MEDIA. ETC. 193

a. Shu'shan, the capital of E'lam, stood on the river U'lai. the Choas'pes
of the Greeks. Daniel resided at Shu'shan, u which is in the province of
E'lam." (Dan. viii. 2.) It was once the capital of tfte Persian empire, and
Ahasue'rus, the monarch mentioned in Esther (i. 1), reigned there.

4. The renowned Cyrus became king of both E'lam and Me'dia, and
founded the Persian empire. He is called, in Scripture, " the shepherd and
the anointed of the Lord" (Isa. xliv. 28; xlv. 1), and became a chosen in-
strument, in the hand of Jehovah, to fulfil various important prophecies.
Cyrus restored the captivity of the Jews, permitted them to rebuild the city
and temple of Jerusalem, and returned to them the sacred vessels that had
been carried away by Nebuchadnez'zar.

5. Ahasue'rus, Artaxerx'es, Dari'us, and a second Artaxerx'es are the
successors of Cyrus mentioned in Scripture. The first was probably Cam-
by'ses, the conqueror of Egypt. Artaxerx'es is called, in profane history,
Smer'dis, the Magian ; by his decree the building of the temple at Jeru-
salem was suspended. (Ezra iv. 24.) Dari'us, surnamed Hystas'pes, was
the first Persian monarch who invaded Greece ; in his reign the temple was
completed. (Ezra vi. 5.) The second Artaxerx'es, called Longim'anus,
from the length of his hands, is supposed to be the Ahasue'rus to whom
Esther was queen.

6. MA'DAI or ME'DIA lay east of Assyria, and was, for a long
period, one of its provinces. On attaining to independence, Me'dia
became a leading State in western Asia, and its people were em-

loyed as instruments in executing the Divine decrees against
abylon (Isa. iii. 7), which were fully accomplished in the de-
struction of that wicked city. Cyax'ares, who conquered Babylon,
in conjunction with Cyrus, his nephew, was king of Me'dia ; he is
called, by Daniel, Dari'us the Mede.

7. Ha'lah and Ha'bor, by the river of Go'zan, and the cities of the Medes,
ire mentioned (2 Kings xvii. 6) as places to which the ten tribes were
carried away captive ; but they cannot now be identified. Me'dia became
a Persian province ; the inhabitants, however, long continued to be a distinct
people. Jews from Me'dia are enumerated (Acts ii. 9) as among those who
were with the apostles on the day of Pentecost. At Ecbat'ana or Ach'metha
the records of the kingdom were kept. (Ezra vi. 2.)

8. GOG and MA'GOG, GO'MER, TOGAR'MAH, and the NORTH, are
alluded to, by the Hebrew writers, as regions very remote, and
inhabited by warlike nations, riding on horses and striking terror
into the surrounding countries by their numbers and fierceness.
They are also described as eager " to take a prey, to carry away
silver and gold, to take away cattle and goods, to take a great
spoil." (Ezek. xxxviii. 13.)

What was it once ? 4. What is said of Cyrus ? What is he called in Scrip.
ture ? What did he become ? How did Cyrus favour the Jews ? 5. Who
are the successors of Cyrus mentioned in Scripture ? What is said of the
first ? Artaxerxes ? Darius ? The second Artaxerxes ? 6. What is said
of Madai or Media ? For what purpose were the Medes employed ? What
is said of Cyaxares ? 7. What is said of Halah, Habor, &c. ? What did
Media become ? What is said of the Jews from Media ? 8. What is said
17 N

194 SACRED GEOGRAPHY".

9. These descriptions have been thought to apply to some of the tribes
of Central Asia ; but the early inhabitants of the regions east and south of
the Black Sea, who were always noted for the numbers of their horses, and
their predatory habits, are believed to be the nations meant by the inspired
writers.

10. Gog and Ma'gog were probably Scythian tribes. Go'mer comprised
some of the Celtic nations. Togar'mah was a district not far from Mount
Ar'arat : in the same region were the kingdoms of Ar'arat and Min'ni, as
well as Me'shech, Tu'bal,and Kir : adjacent were Hul and Ge'ther ; westward
were Ash'kenaz, Ri'phath, and Ke'dar. Lud was the ancestor of the Ly-
dians. The Greek colonies of JEo'lia, lo'nia, and Do'ris were probably in-
cluded in the Ja'van of the Hebrews.

11. TAR'SHISH and O'PHIR were celebrated regions, often men-
tioned in Scripture ; but they are now both unknown. The first
was noted for its ships, its merchants, and its commerce ; and the
other for its gold, which is alluded to in many places in the Old
Testament. (Job xxxviii. 16 ; Ps. xlv. 19.)

12. Solomon obtained gold, almug trees, and precious stones from O'phir.
(1 Kings x. 11.) Some suppose that it was in southern Arabia ; others, in
India, Suma'tra, and Sofa'la, in Africa. Tar'shish is believed, by different
authors, to have been Carthage in Africa, Tartes'sus in Spain, Tarsus in
Cilicia, as well as the whole of Africa, except Egypt and Ethiopia. Silver,
^ron, tin, and lead were brought to Tyre from Tar'shish. (Ezek. xxvii. 12.)

13. There are two different voyages to Tar'shish described in the Old
Testament, one by the Mediterranean, and the other by the Red Sea. By
the latter, which occupied a period of three years, " gold and silver, ivory
and apes and peacocks" were imported (2 Chron. ix. 21) ; and it seems to
have been, in every respect, the same as the voyage to O'phir.

14. The navy built by Solomon and Hi'ram at E'zion-ge'ber (1 Kings ix.
26), as also that of Jehosh'aphat (2 Chron. xx. 36), was composed of ships
of Tar'shish. The vessel in which Jonah sailed from Jop'pa, on the Medi-
terranean Sea, was destined for Tar'shish, and seems to have been a regu-
lar passage ship : " so he paid the fare thereof," &c. (Jonah i. 3.)

Map No. 6. — Point out Elam or Persia. The Ulai river. The city of
Shushan. Sabtecha. This country was settled by one of the sons of Gush.
Where is Madai or Media ? Ecbatana or Achmetha ? At a vague and
indefinite distance beyond the foregoing regions the ends of the earth were
supposed to exist. The term is frequently met with in Scripture. (Zech.
ix. 10 ; Acts xiii. 47.) Where is Gog? Magog? Gomer? Togarmah ?
Meshech? Minni? Tubal,&c.? Mount Ararat? Hul? Gether? Ashkenaz?
Riphath? Lud?

of Gog and Magog, &c. ? How are they described ? 9. To whom have
these descriptions been thought to apply ? Whom are they believed to be ?
10. What were Gog and Magog probably? Gomer? Togarmah, &c. ?
What kingdoms were in the same region ? What were Tarshish and
Ophir ? For what was the first noted ? The other ? 12. What did Solo-
mon obtain from Ophir ? Where was it supposed to be ? What is Tarshish
believed to have been? What was brought to Tyre from Tarshish?
13 What is said of the two voyages to Tarshish ? Of the Red Sea voyage ?
J 4, Of the navy of Solomon, &c. ? The vessel in which Jonah sailed ?

ASIA, ETC. 195

20

ASIA, ETC.

1 THE term ASIA, as now understood, was not used by the in
spired writers. The Asia mentioned in the New Testament, was
the Roman proconsulship of Asia, of which Eph'esus was the
capital. This is the region alluded to 1 Cor. xvi. 19 ; " The
churches of Asia salute you." It was the principal scene of the
missionary labours of St. Paul, where he and his fellow apostles
established the " Seven Churches" enumerated in Rev. i. 11.

2. The cities in which they were founded were Eph'esus,
Smyr'na, Per'gamos, Thyati'ra, Sar'dis, Philadelphia, and Laodi-
ce'a. These cities are all, now, with the exception of Smyr'na
and Philadelphia, either greatly decayed or in ruins, and the
churches, once so distinguished, have hardly an existence. A few
Christians, mostly of the Greek faith, are still to be found in Smyr'-
na, and some of the other towns.

3. Eph'esus, so noted in ancient times for its splendid temple of Dia'na,
is now a mean Turkish village. The Gospel was introduced there, by the
apostle Paul, about A. D. 54. It was also visited by Apollos, and was the
place where Onesiph'orus showed kindness to Paul. (2 Tim. i. 18.) It is
charged with a falling off from the faith, and is threatened, in consequence,
that its candlestick shall be removed out of its place. (Rev. ii. 5.)

4. Smyr'na is the only one of the cities, of this part of Asia, noted in
ancient times, that is now important. The church at this place is com-
mended, in the address to the seven churches, and is promised " a crown of
life." (Rev. ii. 8 — 10.) The martyr Polycarp, who was put to death during
the persecution of the Christians by Marcus Aurelius, about the year A. D.
169, was bishop of Smyrna.

5. Per'gamos was once a renowned city, and was famous for its library.
The Gospel was established here, but it was soon corrupted by the heresy
of the Nicola'itanes, for which the church was reproved, and urged to re-
pent (Rev. ii. 14 — 16) : it is still a considerable town, situated amongst the
ruins of the ancient city, and has a small Christian community. Tro'as
and As'sos, in the vicinity, were both visited by the apostle Paul. Not far
distant was Thyati'ra, the birth-place of the pious Lyd'ia. (Acts xvi. 14.)
The church here was censured on account of the prevalence of false doc-
trine. (Rev. ii. 20.) Thyati'ra is now a poor village.

6. Sar'dis, the ancient capital of Lyd'ia, was once a very important place;
it became a Christian city, but its works were found not "perfect before God."
(Rev. iii. 2.) Philadelphia also, in Lyd'ia, is commended in the Revelation
for its diligence and patience, and encouraged by gracious promises of Di-

Q. 1. What is said of the term Asia ? Of the Asia mentioned in the New
Testament, &c. ? What was established here ? 2. In what cities were they
founded? What are these cities now? What are still to be found?
3. What is said of Ephesus, &c. ? 4. Of Smyrna ? The church there ?
The martyr Polycarp ? 5. What is said of Pergamos? What is it now?
What is said of Troas and Assos ? Of Thyatira ? 6. What is said of Sar

196 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

vine protection. (Rev. iii. 7 — 10.) It is at present a town of some note : part
of tl..e population are Christians. Laodice'a, in Phryg'ia, was once cele-
brated for its magnificence, but is now a heap of ruins ; in the Revelations
it is rebuked for its lukewarmness in the cause of the Gospel, and is coun-
selled to reform, (iii. 15—18.)

7. Mile'tus and Trogyl'lium were visited by the apostle ; at the former
he gathered the elders of Eph'esus together, exhorted them to diligence and
watchfulness, and bade them farewell. (Actsxx. 17 — 38.) There, on one
occasion, Paul left Troph'imus sick. (2 Tim. iv. 20.) Cni'dus he passed
on his voyage to Rome. (Acts xxvii. 7.) The cities of Pat'ara, My'ra,
Attali'a, Per'ga,and An'tioch, in Pisid'ia, were also visited by Paul ; in the
latter he preached a memorable discourse, but the Jews stirred up the people
against him, and forced him to leave the place. (Acts xiii. 14 — 50.)

8. At Ico'nium, the chief city of Lycao'nia, a district in Phry'gia, the
Gospel was preached by Paul and Barnabas, and with great success, al-
though they were afterwards obliged to leave the city also, through the hos-
tility of the Jews, and proceed to Lys'tra and Der'be. At the latter Ga'ius,
the fellow traveller of Paul, was born. (Acts xx. 4.)

9. Lys'tra was the native town of Timothy : here the apostle miraculously
cured a man who had been a cripple from his birth, which, when the people
saw, they called Paul and Barnabas gods, and could hardly be restrained
from worshipping them ; but being instigated by certain malicious Jews,
they afterwards stoned Paul, and left him for dead. (Acts xiv. 8 — 19.)

10. Colos'se or Colos'sa? and Hierap'olis were cities in Phryg'ia, in which
Christianity was early established. Ep'aphras is mentioned (Col. i. 7 ; iv.
12, 13) as pastor of the church of Colos'se, and he is said to have great zeal
for them that are in Hierap'olis. (Col. iv. 13.)

11. Gala'tia, a province adjacent to Phryg'ia, was twice visited by Paul ;
the first time in company with Silas and Timothy. Here he introduced the
worship of the Redeemer (Gal. i. 6 — 8; iv. 13) ; he also addressed an epistle
from Rome to the Galatians.

12. Pon'tus, a province on the Eux'ine Sea, was the native country of
Aq'uila, with whom Paul abode in Cor'inth (Acts xviii. 2), and who after-
wards became one of his companions. The apostle Peter addressed his first
epistle to the people of Pon'tus, as well as to those of Gala'tia, Cappado'cia,
Asia, and Bithyn'ia, (1 Pet. i. 1.)

13. Cyprus, once an important island, is, by some, supposed'to be the
Chittim or Kittim of the Old Testament , but others believe that the term
was applied so as to include the coasts and islands of Greece, Italy and
Macedonia. The Christian religion was established in it at an early period.

14. Paul and Barnabas preached the Gospel in Cyprus. In Pa'phos, its
chief city, the former converted the Roman deputy, Ser'gius Pau'lus, and

dis ? Of Philadelphia ? Laodicea ? 7. Miletus, &c. ? What occurred at
Miletus? WhatissaidofCnidus? The cities of Patara ? Myra? At-
talia, &c. ? What did Paul do at Antioch ? 8. What is said of Iconium ?
Of Paul and Barnabas ? State the result. 9. Who was born at Lystra ?
What was done by Paul ? What then took place ? 10. What is said of
Colosse and Hierapolis ? 11. Of Galatia ? 12. What was Pontus ? Of
whom was it the native country ? To whom did Peter address his first
epistle ? 13. What is the island of Cyprus supposed to have been, &c. 7
14. Who preached the Gospel in Cyprus ? What occurred at Paphos ?
What is said of Joses ? Of the brethren ?

GREECE, ITALY, ETC. 197

itruck the sorcerer El'ymas with blindness, because he opposed the conver
sion of the magistrate. (Acts xiii. 7 — 11.) Of this island was Joses, sur-
named Barnabas, who, having land, sold it and brought the money and laid
it at the apostles' feet. (Acts iv. 36.) Many of the brethren resorted hither,
in time of persecution, from Palestine. (Acts xi. 19.)

Map No. 2. — Point out Mysia. Lydia. Caria. These provinces, with
the western part of Phrygia, comprised the Asia Proconsularis of the Ro-
mans— the Asia of New Testament. Where is Smyrna ? Ephesus? Per-
gamos? Thyatira? Troas ? Assos ? Sardis? Philadelphia? Laodicea?
Point out Miletus. Trogyllium. Cnidus. Patara. Myra. Attalia. Perga.
Antioch in Pisidia. Iconium. Lystra. Derbe. Colosse or Colossoe. Hiera-
polis. Point out the Province of Galatia. Pontus. The island of Cyprus.
Paphos.

GREECE, ITALY, ETC.

1. GREECE or GRE'CIA was called at first Ja'van, by the He-
brews. It is mentioned in Isa. Ixvi. 19; Zech. ix. 13; Dan.
viii. 21 ; and is supposed to have signified not only Greece Proper,
but also Thes'saly, Macedo'nia, and part of Asia Minor. Eli'shah,
a country with which the Tyr'ians traded (Ezek. xxvii. 7), was
probably Hel'las, or perhaps E'lis, in the Peloponne'sns.

2. In the time of the apostles, Greece was divided into the pro-
vinces of Acha'ia and Macedo'nia. The first comprised Greece
Proper and the Peloponne'sus, and the other, Macedo'nia Proper,
Thes'saly and Epi'rus. These regions were visited by Paul, and
other apostles, and they established the Gospel in several cities.

3. Neap'olis was the first city in Macedo'nia visited by St. Paul (Acts xvi.
11) : from Nicop'olis he wrote the Epistle to Titus. (Tit. iii. 12.) At Philip'pi
he founded a church, to which he dedicated an epistle from Rome. In this
city Paul and Silas were put in prison, but an earthquake occurring while
they were confined, the prison doors were opened. The apostles afterwards
converted the jailer and his family. (Acts xvi.)

4. Thessaloni'ca was the birth-place of Aristar'chus and Secun'dus, com
panions of Paul in his travels. (Actsxx.4 ; xxvii. 2.) To the church in this
city Paul addressed two epistles. Here Lydia of Thyati'ra was baptized,
with all her household. (Acts xvi. 14.) Berc'a or Beraea, which lay south-
west of Thessaloni'ca, gave birth to Sop'ater, another of Paul's companion!*.
(Acts xx. 4.) The Bere'ans are commended, by the apostle, for their dili
gence in searching the Scriptures daily. (Acts xvii. 11.)

Q. 1 . What was Greece called at first ? What was it supposed to have
signified ? What was Elishah ? How was Greece divided in the time of
the apostles ? What did the first comprise ? The other ? By whom were
these regions visited ? 3. What is said of Neapolis? Nicopolis ? Philippi ?
What occurred to Paul and Silas there ? 4. Who was born at Thessalonica?
What did Paul address to the church there ? Who was baptized there ?
What is said of Berea ? For what were the Bereans commended ? 5. When
17*

198 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

5. The renowned city of Athens was visited by St. Paul about the year
A. D 52. It was famous for its arts, literature, and learned men ; the latter
were constantly employed in discussions with each other, while the rest of
the people " spent their time in nothing else but either to tell or to hear some
new thing." (Acts xvii. 21.)

The Apostle Paul preaching to the Athenians on Mars-hill.

6. Here Paul's "spirit was stirred in him, when he saw the city wholly
given to idolatry." Though the Athenians worshipped many gods and
goddesses, yet he found an altar inscribed "to the unknown God." (Acts
xvii. 23.) Mars-hill was a rocky height, where the celebrated court of the
Areop'agus was held. To this place Paul was brought, as " a setter forth of
strange gods," when, boldly standing up, he reproved the Athenians for
their idolatry, and preached to them Christ and the resurrection.

7. From Athens the apostle proceeded to Corinth : he resided there
eighteen months, and founded a church, to which he afterwards wrote two
epistles. At Cen'chrea, one of the ports of Corinth, he embarked for Syria.
The pious Phebe was a servant of the church at this place. (Rom. xvi. 1.)

8. The islands in the JEge'an and lo'nian seas, as well as the almost
insular regions of southern Greece and Italy, were called, by the Israelites,
the " Isles of the Sea," and the " Isles that are in the Sea," and they are
doubtless the same as the "Isles of the Gentiles" (Gen.x.5) ; while those more
remote, comprising Sicily, Malta, and the Balear'ic Islands, were probably
the " Isles afar off." They seem to have regarded as insular all regions
separated from them by the sea, or to which they went by water.

9. Crete, now Candia, was once an important island, and contained a bun-
dred large cities ; its inhabitants were spoken of unfavourably by ancient
writers, "and this witness is true," says St. Paul. (Titus i. 13.) Salmo'-
ne, a city of Crete, is mentioned Acts xxvii. 7, as are also Fair Havens,

did Paul visit Athens ? For what was it famous ? How were its learned
men employed ? The rest of the people ? 6. What is said of Paul / De-
scribe Mars-hill. With what was Paul charged? What did he then do?
7. To what place did the apostle proceed from Athens ? What did lie
ibund ? Where did he embark for Syria ? 8. What were the islands in the
JEgean and Ionian seas called by the Israelites ? The more remote ?
What did the Israelites regard as insular? 9. What is said of Crete ? Its
inhabitants ? Of Salmone, &c, ? The island of Clauda ? What occurred

GREECE, ITALY, ETC. 199

Lase'a.and Pheni'ce. (xxvii. 8 — 12.) The island of Clau'da or Gau'Ios
was passed by St. Paul, in his voyage to Italy. On the island of Mel'ila
the apostle was shipwrecked, and there the miracle of the viper fastening
on his hand, without injury, occurred. (Acts xxviii. 1 — 5.)

10. Samothra'cia or Samothrace (Acts xvi. 11), Mityle'ne or Les'bos (xx.
14), Chi'os (xx. 15), Sa'mos (xx. 15), Co'os or Cos (xxi. 1), Rhodes (xxi. 1)
and Pat'mos, are mentioned in the narrative of Paul's travels ; they are all
islands in the JSge'an Sea, and were, in ancient times, fertile and populous.
To Pat'mos the apostle John was banished by the Roman emperor Domit'ian.
(Rev. i. 9.) There he wrote the Book of the Revelations. A cave, in which
he is said to have lived, is still shown by the inhabitants.

11. ITALY was but imperfectly known to the Jews, until after
they were conquered by the Romans. In early times it was pro-
bably included in the region which they called Kit'tim or Chit'tim.
In the New Testament it is mentioned in Acts xviii. 2 ; xxvii. 1 ;
Heb. xiii. 24.

12. Rome, in New Testament times, was the capital of the civilized world.
It was a corrupt and wicked city. A church was established in it, by the
apostles Peter and Paul, and there they both suffered martyrdom in the reign
of Nero, A. D. 66. Previous to his death, Paul resided in Rome about
two years, preaching and teaching the Word. Syr'acuse, in Sicily ; Rhe'-
gium, in the southern part of Italy ; Pute'oli, near Naples, and Ap'pii Fo'rum
and the Three Taverns, in the vicinity of Rome, were places which the
apostle Paul passed through, on his way to the Roman capital.

1 3. ILLYR'ICUM lay along the east coast of the Adriatic Sea ; it is the
region alluded to by St. Paul (Romans xv. 19), where he says that he
preached the Gospel from Jerusalem " round about unto Illyr'icum." Dal-
ma'tia, its southern district, is the country to which Titus went and
preached the Gospel, when he left Paul at Rome. (2 Tim. iv. 10.)

14. CYRE'NE or CYRENAICA was a district of Lib'ya, some distance west-
ward of Egypt ; it is now a part of Bar'ca. It is several times alluded to in
the New Testament. Simon, a man of Cyre'ne, bore our Saviour's cross
to the place of execution. (Matt, xxvii. 32.) From "the parts of Libya
about Cyrene" came also devout Jews to celebrate the feast of Pentecost.
(Acts ii. 10.) Lu'cius, of Cyre'ne, was a preacher at Antioch. (Acts
xiii. I.)

Map No. 5. — Point out Greece. Macedonia. The Peloponnesus. Ne-
apolis. Philippi. Thessalonica. Berrea. Athens. Corinth. Cenchrsea.
The Aegean Sea. Ionian Sea. Island of Crete. Salmone. Fair Havens,
Lasea. Phcenice or Phenice. Gaulos or Clauda. Melita. — Map. No. 2.—
Where is Samothracia or Samothrace ? Mitylene or Lesbos ? Samos? Coos
or Cos? Rhodes? Patmos? Point out Italy. Illyricum. Rome. Syra
cuse. Rhegium. Puteoli. Appii Forum. Cyrene or Cyrenaica.

on Melita ? 10. What is said of Samothracia, Mitylene, &c. ? What are
they ? Where and by whom was the apostle John banished ? What did
he write there? What is still shown ? 11. What is said of Italy ? In
what was it probably included? 12. What was Rome? By whom was
the church established there ? What is said of the apostles Peter and Paul ?
Of Paul ? Of Syracuse ? Rhegium ? Puteoli ? Appii Forum, &c. ".
13. What is said of Illyricum ? Dalmatia ? 14. What was Cyrene, &c i
What is said of the Jews ? Christians ? Of Simon ? Lucius?

200 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

GEOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATING OUR SA-
VIOUR'S MINISTRY.

1. JESUS CHRIST, our Lord and Saviour, was born m the time
of Her'od, king of Judea, in the twenty-seventh year of the reign
of the Emperor Augustus, and four years before the commence-
ment of the common era.

2. His parents, Joseph and the Virgin Mary, resided in Naz'a-
reth, in Galilee ; but they were obliged to repair to Beth'lehem,
Joseph's birth-place, in order to be taxed ; and there the Saviour
of the world was born, and laid in a manger, because there was
no room for them in the inn. (Luke ii. 7.)

3. Various distinct prophecies proclaim the time when the Messiah should
come. The announcement made by the angel Gabriel to Mary, his mother,
(Luke i. 35), as well as that of the angel that appeared to the shepherds at
night (Luke ii. 11), sufficiently testify to the divine nature of his person
and mission.

4. On the eighth day after his birth the youthful Jesus was circumcised,
according to the law of Moses, and on the fortieth day he was presented in
the temple, when the aged and devout Simeon pronounced him to be "a
light to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory of Israel." (Luke ii. 32.)

5. The coming of the Divine infant was also hailed by the wise men from
the East, whose journey to Jerusalem and subsequent inquiries troubled
Her'od, and being determined to destroy him, he cruelly ordered all the
children in Beth'lehem, under two years of age, to be put to death ; but Jo-
seph, forewarned of the danger, fled to Egypt, with the virgin and her child,
and on his return, after the death of the tyrant, went and resided, as before,
at Naz'areth. (Matt. ii. 1—23.)

6. We have no farther account , of the earlier years of Jesus, save that he
"grew and waxed strong in spirit," &c. (Luke ii. 40). When twelve years
of age, the remarkable scene in the Temple at Jerusalem, recorded Luke
ii. 46, occurred ; after which he returned into Naz'areth, with his parents,
" and was subjeg^ unto them." (ii. 52.)

7. At the age of thirty (Luke iii. 23) Jesus was baptized by John in the
river Jordan, when the Holy Ghost descended "like a dove upon him, and a
voice came from heaven which said 'Thou art my beloved Son.'" His
ministry is supposed to have lasted about three years, during which time
he taught higher ideas of God, a purer system of morals, and nobler views
of man and his destiny, than had yet been presented to the world ; he also

Q. 1. In whose time was our Lord born ? 2. What is said of his parents ?
Of his birth ? 3. What do various prophecies proclaim ? What does the
announcement of the angels testify ? 4. What occurred on the eighth day
of his birth ? On the fortieth ? 5. What is said of the wise men ? Of
Herod ? Of Joseph ? 6. What is said of the earlier years of Jesus ?
7. What occurred when he had arrived at the age of thirty ? How long did
his ministry last ? What did he teach ? What did he perform ? 8. What

OUR SAVIOUR'S MINISTRY. 201

performed numerous acts of goodness and mercy, healed the sick, cured the
deaf and the lame, and gave sight to the blind.

8. Some time after the commencement of his ministry, Christ chose twelve
disciples as assistants in his great work of teaching and regenerating man-
kind. Their names were Simon Peter, and Andrew his brother ; James,
the son of Zebedee, and John his brother ; Philip and Barthol'omew ; Thomas,
and Matthew the publican ; James, the son of Alphe'us, and Lebbe'us, whose
surname was Thadde'us ; Simon Zelotes, and Judas Iscar'iot.

9. After his baptism Jesus was led by the spirit into the wilderness, being
forty days tempted of the Devil, and did eat nothing. He repelled, how-
ever, all the arts of the tempter. (Luke iv. 13.) He then departed for Gali-
lee, and came to Naz'areth and taught in the synagogue, but the people
thrust him out of their city. (Luke iv. 16 — 29.) Thence he went to Cana,
where, being invited to a wedding, he performed his first recorded miracle
by turning water into wine. (John ii. 7 — 9.)

10. After a short stay at Caper'naum, he visited other places in Galilee
and taught in the synagogues. Jesus then went up to the Feast of the
Passover at Jeru'salem A. D. 30, where he expelled the dealers in sheep,
oxen, &c. from the courts of the temple. (John ii. 12 — 25.) Departing,
after a time, from Judea,he journeyed northward to Galilee, through Sama'-
ria. At Jacob's Well, near Sy'char, he held the noted conversation with the
Samaritan woman, and many of the people of Sama' ria believed on him.
(John iv. 9.)

11. Arriving at Cana, he healed the nobleman's son, who was sick at
Capernaum. (John iv. 51.) Proceeding thither he taught in the synagogue
as one having authority ; there he also cast out an unclean spirit, and healed
Peter's wife's mother ; after which he preached throughout all Galilee and
cast out devils. (Mark i. 14—39.)

12. On going to Jerusalem, to his second Passover, A. D. 31, Jesus cured
the lame man at the Pool of Bethesda, on the Sabbath. (John v. 8.) Sub-
sequently he delivered the sublime discourse called the Sermon on the Mount
(Matt. v. 1 — 16), after which he healed the Centurion's servant, and raised
the son of the widow of Nain to life. (Luke vii. 1 — 15.)

13. Christ afterwards takes another journey through Galilee, attended by
his disciples and several pious women ; crosses the Sea of Tibe'rias ; stills
the tempest (Matt. viii. 18 — 27), and arrives in the country of the Gergese'nes
or Gadare'nes, where he cast devils out of two madmen : he then recrosses
the sea, to his own city (Caper'naum), and restores to life Jai'rus's daugh-
ter. (Matt. ix. 25.)

Map No. 9. — Point out Nazareth. Bethlehem. Bethabara. (This wa*
the place where our Lord was baptized.) The Wilderness of Judea. (Here
he was tempted.) Mount Quarantania. (This is said to be the mountain

is said of the disciples? Name them. 9. What occurred after our Lord's
baptism ? What took place at Nazareth ? At Cana ? 10. What is said
of Capernaum, &c. ? Of Jerusalem ? What occurred afterwards at Jacob's
Well ? 11. Whom did Christ heal at Cana / To what city did he then
proceed? What took place there? Afterwards? 12. Whom did Jesus
cure at the second Passover ? What did he do subsequently ? Whom did
he heal and raise to life? 13. Whither did Christ afterwards journey?
What sea did he cross ? At what country did he arrive ? What miracle
did he perform there ? At Capernaum ?

N*

202 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

from whose summit the Devil showed Christ all the kingdoms of the world
(Luke iv. 5.) Point out Cana. Capernaum. Galilee. Samaria. Jacob's
Well. Sychar. Nain. Mountain of the Beatitudes. (Here Christ delivered
his divine sermon.) The country of the Gadarenes or Gergesenes. (This
was the territory around the city of Gadara.) — Map. No. 11. — Where is
thePoolofBethesda?

23

GEOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATING OUR SAVIOUR'S
MINISTRY— [CONTINUED.]

1. ABOUT this time, A. D.32, John the Baptist was beheaded by Her'od,
which Jesus hearing of, retires to a desert place near Bethsa'ida, in Perae'a.
Multitudes flock to hear him. There he miraculously fed the 5000. (Matt,
xiv. 19, 20.) From this place he sent his disciples to cross the Sea of Tibe.
rias, while he went up into a mountain to pray. During the night, "Jesus
went unto them walking on, the sea." When near the ship, Peter, going
out to meet him, was about to sink, but his master stretched forth his hand
and saved him. (Matt. xiv. 31.)

2. About the time of his third Passover, the Redeemer withdrew to the
borders of Tyre and Sidon, and cast forth the devil out of the Svro-Phoenic'ian
woman's daughter (Mark vii. 25 — 30) ; returning thence he passed through
the coasts of the Decap'olis ; feeds the 4000 ; thence embarking on the Sea
of Tibe'rias, he lands near Dalmanu'tha, from which place he went to Beth-
sa'ida, where he restores a blind man's sight. (Mark viii. 5 — 23.)

3. Proceeding northward, to Caesare'a Phihp'pi, Christ acknowledges
himself to be the Messi'ah, and rebukes Peter. (Matt xvi. 13—23.) Six
days afterwards he ascends Mount Tabor, as is supposed, where his trans-
figuration took place. Descending from the mount he easts out a deaf and
dumb spirit ; and at Caper'naum directs a fish to be caught, in the mouth
of which a piece of money was found, which he paid to the collector as tri-
bute. (Matt. xvii. 27.)

4. Our Saviour next went up to the Feast of Tabernacles, at Jeru'salem,
where he preached in the Temple (John vii. 2 — 14), and restored the blind
man to sight by directing him to wash in the Pool of Silo'am. Leaving
Jeru'salem he proceeds to Beth'any ; enters into the house of Martha and
Mary, and commends the attention and choice of the latter. (Luke x. 38 —
42.)

5. Returning to Galilee, he instructs his disciples how to pray, and utters
the Lord's Prayer. (Luke xi. 1.) Subsequently he cured the woman who
had an infirmity for eighteen years, on the Sabbath day (Luke xiii. 11 — 13),
ana1 afterwards, travelling through Samaria, cleansed the ten lepers. (Luke
xvii. 11—14.)

Q. 1. \Vho was beheaded by Herod ? Where did Jesus retire ? What
miracle did he perform? WThat did he then do? What occurred during
the night ? 2. What miracle did Christ perform in Tyre and Sidon ? la
the Decapolis ? At Bethsaida ? 3. What occurred in proceeding north,
ward ? Six days afterwards ? What did our Saviour do on descending the
Mount ? At Capernaum ? 4. Where did he next proceed ? What mira-
cles did he perform there ? What is said of Bethany ? 5. In what does our
Saviour instruct his disciples ? What miracles does he afterwards perform?

OUR SAVIOUR'S MINISTRY.

203

G. At Jerusalem, A. D. 33, at the Feast of Dedication, his discourses in the
temple so incensed the Jews, that they took up stones to stone him ; he there-
fore retired beyond Jordan, to the place where John hau baptized. (John
x. 22 — 40.) Returning, after a time, to Beth'any, Christ raises Laz'arus from
the dead. The Jews seeking to put him to death for this miracle, he retires
to a city called E'phraim. (John xi. 54.) Soon afterwards, returning towards
Jeru'salem through Jer'icho, he restores two blind men to sight (Matt. xx.
17 — 34), and converts Zacche'us the publican. (Luke xix. 1.) Subse-
quently, at Beth'any, he sups with Laz'arus, and is anointed by Mary. (John
xii. 1—13.)

7. On the following day Jesus rode into Jeru'salem, attended by a great
multitude of people, who spread their garments in the road, and cut down
branches of trees and strewed them in the way. On arriving at the Tem-
ple, he cast out all that bought and sold in it, and overthrew the tables of
the money-changers, and the tables of them that sold doves, and the blind
and the lame came to him there, and he healed them. (Matt. xxi. 14.)

Christ healing the lame and the blind in the Temple.

8. At this time the Jewish rulers plot our Saviour's destruction, and Ju-
das agrees with them to betray him. The night before his death he ate the
fourth Passover with his disciples, and instituted the Lord's Supper. He
then retires to the garden at Gethsem'ane, where he is arrested by his ene-
mies. Being carried before the Jewish priests, they pronounce him guilty
and deliver him over to the Roman magistrates, who alone had the power,
at that period, in Judea, of life and death ; the Jews declaring, " His blood
be on us and on our children." (Matt. xxvi. 1 — 75 ; xxvii. 1 — 25.)

9. Condemned to die as a malefactor, he is nailed to the cross on Mount
Calvary, and, in the agony of this bitter death, prays for the forgiveness of
his executioners (Luke xxiii. 34), and with a touching act of filial piety
commends his mother to his favourite disciple. (John xix. 27.)

6. What occurred at Jerusalem, at the Feast of Dedication, &c.? Whom
did Christ raise from the dead ? What followed ? What took place after-
wards ? Subsequently ? 7. What did Jesus do on the following day ? On
arriving at the temple ? What is said of the blind, &c. ? 8. What is said
of the Jewish rulers ? Of Judas ? The night before his death ? Where
did he then retire ? What is further related ? 9. What is stated respecting

204 SACRED GEOGRAPHY.

10. The evangelists relate, that from the time of noon the sun was
darkened, and about three hours afterwards, Jesus, having cried with a
loud voice, gave up the ghost. The vail of the temple, they add, was rent
in twain, from the top to the bottom ; rocks were rent, and the graves were
opened. The Centurion who was present directing the execution, ex-
claimed, " Truly this was the Son of God." (Matt, xxvii. 45—54.)

11. The body of Jesus was taken down from the cross by Joseph of Ari-
mathe'a, and placed in a new sepulchre that was in a garden near to Mount
Calvary. (John xix. 41.) The Jewish priests, remembering our Lord's
prophecy, that he should rise on the third day, set a guard, sealing up the
great stone that secured the entrance. (Matt, xxvii. 57 — 66.)

12. Notwithstanding these precautions, the prophecy was fulfilled by his
resurrection on the first day of the week; and he appeared afterwards re-
peatedly to his disciples, encouraging, consoling, and instructing them. On
the fortieth day after his resurrection, while with them on the Mount of
Olives or Olivet, " he was taken up, and a cloud received him out of their
sight. (Acts i. 1—11.)

Map No. 9. — Where is Bethsaida in Peraa? Sea of Tiberias ? Tyre
and Sidon ? Decapolis ? Dalmanutha ? Csesarea Philippi ? Mount Ta-
bor? Bethany? Galilee? Samaria? — Mop.ZVb.il. — Point out Jerusa-
lem. The Temple. Pool of Siloam. Gethsemane. Mount Calvary. Point
out the garden in which was the sepulchre where the body of Christ was
laid.

24 —

GEOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATING THE FIRST SETTLE-
MENT OF THE CHURCH.

1. AFTER the ascension of the Saviour, the eleven disciples
returned to Jerusalem, in order to begin their important mission,
in obedience to the command of their Divine Master. " Go ye,
therefore, teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost ; teaching them to
observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you." (Matt,
xxviii. 19, 20.)

2. The first act of the apostles was the selection of Matthias to
fill the place of Judas, the betrayer, who had committed suicide.
(Acts i. 26.) On the tenth day after the Ascension, the day of
Pentecost, the Holy Ghost came down upon the disciples, em-
powering them to work miracles, and to speak tongues before
unknown to them.

our Saviour's death ? 10. What do the evangelists relate? What did the
Centurion exclaim ? 11. What is said of Joseph of Arimathea? Of the
Jewish priests ? 12. What took place notwithstanding ? What occurred
on the fortieth day ?

Q. 1. What took place after the ascension ? 2. What was the first act
of the apostles ? What came down upon them ? 3. What did they do at

FIRST SETTLEMENT OF THE CHURCH. 205

3. At that time they preached to the devout Jews assembled at Jerusa-
lem, addressing them in the languages of the different countries from
whence they came ; at which they were all amazed, and gladly received tha
Word, and were baptized to the number of three thousand souls. (Acts ii.
1 — 41.) Thus was formed the first Christian church at Jerusalem, A. D.
33, and James the Less or Just, the cousin of our Lord, was chosen as its
first presbyter or bishop.

4 The second church was established at Antioch, in Syria, by those who
fled thither after Stephen's death ; and there, about A. D. 40, the disciples
were first called Christians. (Acts xi. 26.)

5. The first disciples of our Lord, as well as those afterwards added to
their number, visited as missionaries nearly all the regions of the earth
then known. Simon Peter preached the Gospel in Palestine, in the city of
Antioch, and in Rome, where he was crucified A. D. 67. John the Evan-
gelist preached in Palestine, and also in Asia Minor. In the reign of
Domitian he was taken to Rome, and then exiled to the island of Patmos ;
but returned thence, and died at Ephesus A. D. 100. James called the
Greater, the brother of John, was put to death by Herod A. D. 44. (Acts xii.)

6. Of the labours of the other apostles, but little is recorded in Scripture,
and what is known of them is derived from other sources. Andrew, the bro-
ther of Simon Peter, preached in Greece, where he was crucified A. D. 83.
Philip preached in Asia Minor, and suffered martyrdom at Hierapolis, in
Phrygia. Bartholomew preached in Arabia, Persia and Armenia, and
was put to death in the latter country. Thomas preached in Parthia,
Bactria, and in India. Matthew the Evangelist preached in Persia, and
died there a martyr. Lebbeus, the brother of James the Less, called also
Jude, preached in Syria, Mesopotamia, and Persia. Simon Zelotes preached
in Egypt, Libya, and Mauritania.

7. Paul, surnamed the Apostle of the Gentiles, was born of Jewish parents,
of the tribe of Benjamin, at Tarsus, in Cilicia, and inherited all the rights
of a Roman citizen. He was well instructed both in Hebrew and Greek
learning, and was at first an implacable enemy of Christ. When on a jour-
ney to Damascus, A. D. 37, to persecute the Christians there, he was
miraculously converted, and became a most ardent and powerful preacher
of the Word, " and laboured more abundantly than all the others" in con-
verting the heathen.

8. Arabia, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, and the islands of the Mediterra-
nean, were the scenes of his unwearied exertions. In all his journeys he
laboured to establish new churches, and to confirm the faith of those already
existing. The churches of Philippi, in Macedonia, of Corinth, Ephesus
and Galatia, honoured him as their founder, and the epistles that he wrote
to those that were in the chief cities of Greece and Asia Minor, show the
paternal care which he exercised over them.

9. After labouring for more than twenty years in the service of the
Redeemer, Paul went to Jerusalem, A. D. 60, with money that he had col-

that time ? How many were baptized ? What is said of the first church ?
4. Where was the second church established, &c. ? 5. What is said of the
first disciples of our Lord, &c. ? Of Simon Peter ? John the Evangelist?
James the Greater ? 6. What is said of the other apostles ? Where did
Andrew preach, &c. ? Bartholomew ? Thomas ? Matthew ? Lebbeus ?
Simon Zelotes ? 7. What is said of Paul ? What occurred on a journey to
Damascus ? 8. What countries were the scenes of Paul's labours ? What
is said of his journeys ? The churches of Philippi, &c. ? 9. What ot*currcd

18

206 SACRED GEOGRAPHY,

lectcd for th , relief of oppressed Christians in Palestine. There the Jews
excited such a tumult against him, that Lycias, the Roman commander of
the garrison, was forced to interfere to save him from being torn to pieces.
He was then arrested and sent, under a guard of soldiers, to Caesarea, where
he was kept a prisoner for two years by the Roman governors Festus and
Felix.

10. Having been illegally imprisoned, he appealed, as a Roman citizen, to
Caesar, and Was sent to Rome. On the Voyage thither he was shipwrecked
at Melita, and in the spring of A. D. 63, arrived at the capital of the civi-
lized world. There he was kept as a prisoner, but gained over, notwith-
standing, many distinguished Romans to the Christian faith. Paul was set
at liberty A. D. 64 ; but the accounts of his farther travels in Spain, Mace-
donia, arid Greece, are doubtful. In A. D. 66, he returned to Rome, was
again arrested, and died the death of a martyr.

11. Mark the Evangelist was the friend and companion of the apostle
Peter, under whose direction he composed his Gospel. He preached at
Alexandria, in Egypt, and is regarded as its first bishop. He died there
A. D. 62. Luke, the remaining evangelist, wrote the Gospel that is called
by his name, and also the Acts of the Apostles. He was long the compa-
nion of Paul, ana joined in all his labours. While Paul was a prisoner at
Rome, Luke preached the Gospel in Northern Africa and in Eastern Europe,
and at length suffered martyrdom in Greece.

12. As early as the end of the first century, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor,
Greece, the islands of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy, and the northern coast
of Africa, contained many Christian societies. Their ecclesiastical disci-
pline was simple and conformable to their humble condition, and they con-
tinued to acquire strength amidst all the persecutions that were raised
against them.

13. At the end of the second century, Christians were to be found in all
the provinces; and at the end of the third century, one-half the inhabitants
of the Roman empire, and of several neighbouring countries, professed
Christianity. It was at length completely tolerated by the emperor Constan-
tine, in the early part of the fourth century (A. D. 313), and thenceforward
became the established religion of the civilized world.

Map No. 5. — Point out Antioch. Point out the countries and places con-
nected with the labours of the apostles Peter and John. Of Andrew. Philip.
The other apostles. Of Paul. The place of his birth. Conversion. Im-
prisonment for two years. Point out the track of St. Paul's voyage. From
what port in Palestine did it commence ? At what city in Phoenicia did the
ship touch ? In Asia Minor ? In the island of Crete ? Point out the
island on which the apostle was shipwrecked. At what city in Sicily did
he afterwards touch ? What strait did he sail through ? At what port in
Italy did he arrive ? What town did he then reach ? What city termi-
nated the voyage ? Point out the city where Mark preached, and of which
he was bishop. The regions where Luke preached.

to the apostle A. D. 59 ? 10. What was the result of his illegal imprison
ment ? What occurred on the voyage ? At Rome ? What is further
stated of Paul? 11. What is said of Mark ? Luke? 12. What had occurred
by the end of the first century, &c. ? 13. At the end of the second ? At the
end of the third? When was Christianity completely tolerated?

CHRONOLOGY.

1. CHRONOLOGY is the science of computing and adjusting the
periods of time. It ascertains when events occurred, and assigns
to each its correct date. Thus we learn from it that the world was
created 4004 years before Christ, and that the flood took place 1656
years after the creation ; and so of all other known and ascertained
events, each one is placed in connection with its proper period or
year.

2. Of the transactions between the Creation and the Flood, we know
nothing except from Scripture, and of many of those which occurred after
the flood, and before the time of Christ, we know nothing with certainty,
except from the same source ; but about 800 or 900 years before our Saviour's
time, a succession of profane historians arose, from whom, especially those
of Greece and Rome, numerous facts in Chronology have been obtained.

3. Various Eras, Epochs or methods of chronology have been adopted by
different nations. The Greeks reckoned time by Olympiads of four years
each, commencing from the year 776 before Christ. In marking a date by
this method, the year and Olympiad were both given ; for example, the ye^H
1845 is the first of the 656th Olympiad. The Romans reckoned time from
the founding of Rome, 753 years before Christ. Dates reckoned from this
Era are designated by the initials A. U. C. (ab urbe condita ; that is, from the
building of the city). The year 1845 is the 2598th year of the Roman
era.

4. The Christian Era, now in use amongst all Christian nations, was first
introduced in the sixth century, but was not very generally adopted for
some centuries after. This begins 4004 years after the creation of the
world, and four years after the birth of our Saviour. Dates reckoned back-
wards are usually marked B. C., or before Christ, but those reckoned for-
ward are distinguished by the prefix A. D., signifying Anno Domini, or in
the year of our Lord.

5. The Mahomedans reckon time from the Hegira, or flight of Mahomet
from Mecca to Medina, in the year 622 after Christ ; but they use the lunar
year of 354 days ; so that thirty-two of our years make thirty-three of
theirs. The year 1845 is the 1260th year of the Hegira.

6. Many other epochs or eras have been used in different countries, and
at different periods. The Jews, Egyptians, Tyrians, Babylonians, Persians,
and other ancient nations, have each had their eras. The Hindoos and
Chinese of the present day have modes of reckoning time which differ from
each other, as well as from our method. In the United States, public docu-
ments, proclamations, &c. have often, besides the date in common use, the
year of the national independence attached to them. This is computed
from July 4, 1776, and hence may be reckoned a national era or chrono
logical period.

(207)

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

B.C.

4004 CREATION OF THE WORLD.

2944 Birth of Noah.

2348 The Flood or Deluge covers the whole earth. — Lasts about a year.

5347 Noah quits the Ark; offers sacrifices of thanksgiving; God appoints

the rainbow as a pledge that he will never again destroy the earth

by the waters of a flood. (Gen. ix. 11.)
2300 The Tower of Babel built ; confusion of languages ; dispersion of

mankind.
2233 Babylon founded by Nimrod ; Nineveh founded by Asshur ; com-

mencement of the Assyrian monarchy.

2188 The Egyptian monarchy founded by Mizraim ; continues 1663 years.
2059 Age of Ninus and Semiramis, Assyrian monarchs.
2000 Sicyon founded — the earliest town in Greece ; Sidon founded.
1996 Birth of Abram, in Ur of the Chaldees ; 1998 Noah dies.
1921 CALL OF ABRAM; he leaves Ur; comes to Haran, where his father,

Terah, dies, aged 205 years ; emigrates to Canaan, with Sarai his

wife, and Lot his nephew, and dwells at Shechem.
1920 Abram removes to Egypt; returns the same year.
1912 Abram defeats Chedorlaomer and the confederate kings ; rescues Lot
1910 Birth of Ishmael, the son of Abram and Hagar. (Gen. xvi. 16.)
1897 Destruction of Sodom, Gomorrah, &c. ; Lot retires to Zoar; Abram'a

name changed to Abraham ; Sarai's changed to Sarah.
1896 Isaac born at Beersheba; 1871 offered up as a sacrifice by his father.
1836 Birth of Esau and Jacob; 1821 Abraham dies.
1800 Argos founded by the Pelasgians, under Inachus.
^759 Jacob retires to his uncle, Laban, in Padan Aram ; 1745 Joseph born.
1 739 Jacob returns to Canaan ; resides at Shechem.
1728 Joseph sold by his brethren; 1716 Isaac dies.

1705 Joseph raised to distinction in Egypt.

1 706 Jacob removes to Egypt ; 1 689, his death ; 1 635 Joseph dies.

1600 Hyksos or shepherd kings conquer Egypt; they oppress the Israelites.

1577 Age of Job; 1575, birth of Aaron; 1571, birth of Moses.

1550 Athens founded by Cccrops; 1531 Moses leaves Egypt.

1500 Tyre founded; Gades founded; 1493 Thebes founded by Cadmus,

1491 Moses returns to Egypt; Exodus or Departure of the Israelites from
Egypt ; cross the Red Sea ; law given on Mount Sinai.

1452 Death of Aaron, aged 123 years; buried on Mount Hor.

1451 Sihon defeated at Jahaz; Death of Moses, aged 120 years; Og de-
feated at Edrei ; the Israelites cross Jordan ; capture Jericho ; su"n
and moon stand still at the command of Joshua; 1445, 1444 the
Land of Canaan divided among the Twelve Tribes.

d. Hove many years have elapsed since the Creation? Since the Deluge? Since
the building of the Tower of Babel? Where was Sicyon? Sidon? Ur ? Haran?
How long did Noah live ? In what direction was Canaan from Haran ? Where was
Shechem ? How old was Abraham at Isaac's birth ? Isaac, when he was offered up?
How long did Abraham live ? Where was Argos? How old was Jacob when he left
Canaan ? On his return ? How old was Joseph when sold as a slava? How long did
Isaac live? Jacob ? How old was Joseph when he was raised to distinction ? At his
death? Where is Athens? How many years since it was founded? Where was Tyre ?
Gades ? Thebes (Greek) ? How old was Moses when he left Egypt ? How old on bis
return? How many years were the Israelites in Egypt? Where is Mount Sinai?
Mount Hor? Where was Jahaz? Edrei? Jericho? What tribes of Israel lay west
ot Jordan ? East ?

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 209

B.C.

1443 Death of Joshua, aged 110 years ; 1423 Tribe of Benjamin destroyed.

1406 Age of Minos, the Cretan lawgiver ; 1405 Othniel first judge of Israel.

1400 Troy founded; Pelasgians expelled from Greece by the Hellenes.

1365 Age of Sesostris, king of Egypt ; a great conqueror ; built magnificent
cities in his dominions.

1329 Amphictyonic council established.

1300 Voyage of the Argonauts from Aphetse,in Thessaly, to Colchis, under
the command of Jason ; Hercules, Theseus, and his other compa-
nions were called Argonauts.

1290 Age of Moeris, king of Egypt; he causes lake Moeris to be dug, to
receive the surplus waters of the Nile.

1285 Barak and Deborah defeat Jabin.

1245 Age of Gideon; defeats the Midianites and Moabites.

1187 Jephtha, the tenth judge of Israel, sacrifices his daughter.

1184 Troy captured, after a siege often years ; Age of Agamemnon, Achil-
les, Diomedes, Nestor, Ulysses, Helen, Priam, Hector, ^Eneas, An-
dromache, &c.; ./Eneas sails for Italy.

1156 Age of Eli; 1155 birth of Samuel ; 1150 Utica, in Africa, founded.

1124 jEolian colonies established in Asia Minor.

1107 Age of Samson; judged Israel twenty years; betrayed to the Phi-
listines by Delilah ; buries himself under the ruins of the temple
of Dagon, with a great number of his enemies.

1100 Salamis founded by Teucer.

1095 Saul first king of Israel; 1085 Birth of David; 1062 slays Goliath.

1055 Death of Saul ; succession of David ; 1048 crowned king of all Israel ;
1047 takes Jerusalem from the Jebusites.

1044 Settlement of the Ionian colonies in Asia Minor ; Age of Homer ; the
cities of Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodes, Argos and
Athens afterwards contend for the honour of his birth.

1037 The Moabites and Ammonites conquered by David.

1 035 Rabbath Ammon taken by Joab ; Uriah killed at the siege.

1033 Birth of Solomon ; Age of Hiram, king of Tyre.

1014 Death of David ; succeeded by Solomon ; Most flourishing period of
the kingdom of Israel.

1003 Temple at Jerusalem built and dedicated by Solomon.
994 Dorians establish colonies in Asia Minor.

975 Death of Solomon; Rehoboam succeeds him ; his tyranny causes a
division of the realm into the kingdoms of Judah and Israel ; Jero-
boam king of Israel ; Rehoboam king of Judah.
971 Shishak, king of Egypt, plunders the temple at Jerusalem.

-•07 Age of the poets Homer and Hesiod ; 900 Pygmalion, brother of Dido.
897 Ahab, king of Israel, slain ; Ahaziah, king of Judah ; Elisha taken

up to heaven ; 884 Jehu king of Israel.
880 Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver.

Q,. When was Joshua born? How long since Troy was founded? Point out Aphe-
tse. On what gulf was it situated? Through what seas and straits, and past what
islands did the Argonauts sail on their voyage to Colchis ? Where was Colckis ? What
is its modern name ? Where is lake Moeris ? Where was Utica ? How long did Troy ex-
ist ? Point out the ^Eolian Colonies on the Map. Where was Salamis ? How many years
from Joshua to Saul? How old was David when he killed Goliath? How old when
he became king ? Where were the Ionian colonies ? The seven cities that contended
for the honour of Homer's birth? Rabbath Ammon? How old was David when he
died? Solomon, when he dedicated the Temp'3? Where were the Dorian colonies?
How long did Solomon live? How many trihV did the kingdom of Israel comprise ?
Kingdom of Judah? When was Carthage fr vied? How many years from the U»-
giumng of Saul's reign to that of Rehoboam 3

18* 0

210 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

B.C.

878 Carthage founded by Dido, a Tyrian princess.

827 Ethiopians conquer Egypt ; 825 Jonah visits Nineveh ; the people repent

820 Death of Sardanapalus ; First Assyrian empire destroyed ; Median em.
pire founded; Kingdom of Macedonia founded.

810 Uzziah, king of Judah, takes the cities of the Philistines.

800 Persepolis built ; 776 Era of the Olympiads begins.

772 Pul invades Israel.

753 Rome founded, April 20 ; 743 First Messenian war lasts 19 years.

740 Damascus taken by Tiglath-pileser.

732 Syracuse founded; 730 Tarentum founded.

729 Samaria taken by Shalmanezer ; End of the kingdom of Israel ; Cap-
tivity of the Ten Tribes,

713 Sennacherib threatens Hezekiah ; his army miraculously destroyed.

685 Second Messenian war ; lasts fourteen years ; Ira besieged eleven
years ; its capture ends the war.

657 Holofernes slain by Judith, near Bcthulia.

650 Naval battle between the Corcyreans and Corinthians — the first sea-
fight on record.

641 Josiah king of Judah reforms abuses; restores the worship of God.

630 Cyrene founded ; 627 Nabopolazzar king of Babylon.

616 Age of Pharaoh Necho; Tyrians in his service sail round Africa.

607 Nineveh taken by the Medes and Babylonians.

604 Age of Pittacus (general of Mitylene) ; Sappho (Greek poetess).

594 AgeofEzekiel.

591 Pythian Games begin ; Age of Thales (philosopher) ; JEsop (fabulist).

588 Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem ; End of the kingdom of Judah; Be-
ginning of the Babylonish captivity; 572 Nebuchadnezzar takes
Tyre, after a siege of thirteen years.

570 Voyage of Hanno along the west coast of Africa; about the same time
Himilco sails to Britain.

560 Union of the Medes and Persians; Cyaxares king of the Medes.

559 Persian empire founded by Cyrus ; Age of Anaximander, inventor of
globes and charts.

548 Cyrus defeats Cro3sus at Thymbra; Takes Sardis; Conquers Lydia.

539 Massilia founded ; Age of Pythagoras (philosopher) ; Anacreon (poet).

538 Cyrus takes Babylon ; age of Daniel ; 525 Cambyses conquers Egypt.

521 Age of Darius Hystaspes; 518 End of the Babylonish captivity.

516 Age of Artaxerxes Longimanus or Ahasuerus ; Queen Esther.

515 The Temple of Jerusalem rebuilt; .510 Sybaris, in Italy, destroyed,

509 Consular government established in Rome.

504 Athenians burn Sardis ; Age of Heraclitus (naturalist) ; Democedes
(physician) ; 500 Milesians emigrate from Spain to Ireland.

500 First Persian war against Greece ; 490 Battle of Marathon ; the Greeks,

• commanded by Miltiades, defeat the Persians, under Dates and Arta-

phanes; 480 Xerxes crosses the Hellespont at Abydos; Invades

Greece ; Battle of Thermopylae ; Naval battles of Artemisium and

Q,. How many years since Jonah's time? How long did the first Assyrian empire
endure ? Where was Macedonia ? Persepolis ? How many years since the first Olym-
piad? What is the present year according to that end? How long since Rome was
founded? Where is Damascus ? Syracuse? Tarentum? How long did the kingdom
of Israel endure? Where is Samaria ? Where was Ira ? Bethulia? Cyrene? Nine-
veh ? Mitylene? How many years since the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnez-
zar? How long did the Babylonish captivity last ? Where was Thymbra? Sardis?
Of what part of Asia was Lydia a division ? Where is Massilia ? Its modern name ?
Where was Sybaris? Point out Marathon. Abydos. Thermopylte. Artemisium.
Salamis.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 211

B. C.

Salamis ; Age of Themislocles (Athenian statesman) ; Anaxagoras

(philosopher) ; Pindar (poet) ; JEschylus (tragic writer) ; Corinna

(poetess).

479 Battles of Platcea and Mycale on the same day.
470 The Athenians, under Cimon, defeat the Persians, on the Eurymedon

river, twice in one day, first on water and then on land.
465 Third Messenian war ; lasts ten years.
457 Battle of Tanagra ; Age of Pericles (Athenian statesman).
445 Age of Herodotus (historian) ; Phidias (sculptor).
431 First Peloponnesian war commences ; continues twenty-seven years;

Age of Hippocrates (physician) ; Democrates (philosopher, &c.).
424 Bffiotians defeat the Athenians at Delium.
406 Naval battle of ^Egos Potamos ; Athenian fleet defeated by the Spar-

tans ; Age of Protagoras (philosopher) ; Parrhasius (painter).
401 Battle of Cunaxa ; Death of Cyrus the younger ; Retreat of the ten

thousand under Xenophon.

400 Death of Socrates ; 396AgeofZeuxis(painter); Aristippus (philosopher)
395 Veii besieged by the Romans for ten years.
394 Spartans defeat the Thebans at Coronsea ; Falerii taken by Camillus ;

age of the Cyrenaic philosophers.
389 Battle of the Allia ; Gauls defeat the Romans ; burn Rome ; inhabitants

fly to Caere or Agylla ; Gauls defeated near Gabii by Camillus.
379 Age of Plato (philosopher); Conon (Athenian commander) ; Epaminon-

das and Pelopidas (Theban generals) ; Diogenes (Stoic).
371 Epaminondas defeats the Spartans at Leuctra ; 370 builds Messene in

eighty-five days ; Founds Megalopolis ; Age of Eudoxus (astronomer).
362 Battle at Mantinea ; death of Epaminondas.
360 Methone captured ; Philip of Macedon loses his right eye.
357 Phocian war begins ; Lasts ten years ; 355 Alexander born.
351 Capture of Sidon by Artaxerxes Ochus.

343 Age of Aristotle (philosopher) ; Demosthenes (orator); Phocion (Athe-
nian general).

338 Battle of Chseronea; Philip defeats the Athenians and their allies.
336 Philip assassinated ; Archidamus, king of Sparta, killed in battle at

Manduriae.
335 Alexander the Great destroys Thebes ; 334 conquers Greece ; begins

his Persian expedition ; battle of the Granicus ; 333 battle of Issus ;

siege of Tyre; 332 conquers Egypt; founds the city of Alexandria;

visits the temple of Jupiter Ammon ; 331 crosses the Euphrates at

Thapsacus ; battle of Arbela ; fall of the Persian empire ; death of

Darius Codomanus ; 326 Defeat of Porus by Alexander ; the latter

afterwards descends the Indus to the sea; his admiral, Nearchus,

navigates a fleet from the Indus to the Tigris ; Age of Apelles

(painter) ; Antipater (Macedonian general, &.C.).
323 Death of Alexander, May 21 ; his empire divided between Ptolemy,

Cassander, Lysimachus and Seleucus.

Q,. Where was Platcea ? Mycale ? What sea lay between those places ? Point oul
the Eurymedon river. Into what sea does it flow ? Where was Tanagra ? Delium 1
./Egos Potamos? Where was Cunaxa? Through what countries did the ten thousand
pass, in their retreat ? What rivers did they cross ?— See Map JVo.5. — Where was Veii 1
Coronaea? Falerii? The Allia river? Caere or Arjrylla? Gabii? Leuctra? Mes-
eene ? Mantinea? Methone? Sidon? Chaeronea? Manduriae? In what part of
Greece was Thebes ? Its modern name? Where is the Granicus river ? Into what sea
does it flow ? Where was Issus ? Tyre ? Alexandria ? Temple of Jupiter Ammon ?
Thapsacus? Arbela? On what river was Porus defeated? Where is the Indus?
The Tigris ? What was Alexander's age when he died ? How long did he reign ?

212 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. '

B.C.

320 Samnites defeat the Romans near Caudium ; their army pass under
the Caudine Forks ; Age of Praxiteles (sculptor) ; Demetrius (orator) ;
Phalerius Theopompus (historian) ; Apollodorus (poet).

312 Seleucus takes Babylon ; dynasty of the Seleucidae begins.

310 Pytheas, the navigator, sails from Gades to Thule.

301 Battle of Ipsus, between Antigonus and Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus,
and Cassander ; Age of Zeno (philosopher).

292 The Sabines conquered by Curius Dentatus ; Age of Euclid (mathema-
tician).

284 The Pharos, or light-house of Alexandria, built.

281 The Achaean League formed, by the chief cities of the Peloponnesus,
for mutual defence.

280 The Romans defeated at Pandosia by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus ; Age of
Antiochus 1st., surnamed Soter, king of Syria.

274 Romans defeat Pyrrhus ; 272, Conquer Samnium, after a 70 years' war.

262 First Punic war begins; continues twenty-six years ; 260 Duillius ob-
tains the first naval victory gained over the Carthaginians by the
Romans ; 256 Regulus defeated by Xanthippus ; Age of Diodatus.

251 Age of Eratosthenes (mathematician); Callimachus (poet).

249 Asdrubal defeated at Panormus, in Sicily, by Metellus.

246 Arsaces founds the Parthian empire ; Age of Hamilcar, a noted Car-
thaginian general, and father of Hannibal.

242 The Romans defeat the. Carthaginians at sea, near the -^Egades islands ;
ends the first Punic war.

231 The Romans take Corsica and Sardinia.

224 The Spartan king Cleomenes III. defeated by Antigonus Doson ; Co-
lossus, at Rhodes, overthrown by an earthquake ; Age of Apollonius
(poet) ; Philopaemen (Achaean general).

219 Hannibal takes Saguntum; originates the second Punic war, which
lasts seventeen years ; 218 Crosses the Alps; defeats the Romans,
first on the river Ticinus, then on the Trebia ; 217 Battle of Trasi-
menus— his third victory; 216 Battle of Cannae — his fourth victory ;
50,000 Romans slain ; Capua declares in his favour.

212 Marcellus takes Syracuse, after a three years' siege ; death of Archime-
des, the noted geometrician.

206 Asdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, defeated and slain by the Romans ;
Age of Syphax (Latin poet) ; Ennius (Latin poet) ; Massinissa, king
of Numidia.

202 Sicily becomes a Roman province.

201 Battle of Zama; Hannibal defeated by Scipio Africanus ; end of the
second Punic war.

200 Romans conquer Illyricum ; 197, defeat the Macedonians at Cynos-
cephalse ; 196 Hannibal banished from Carthage.

190 Antiochus defeated by the Consul Acilius at Thermopylae ; Age of
Cato the elder.

187 Scipio Asiaticus defeats Antiochus I. at Magnesia ad Sipylum.

186 Scipio Africanus banished to Liturnum.

183 Death of Hannibal, in Bithynia, by poison, aged sixty-five.

a. Point out Caudium. Gades. Thule of Pytheas. Where was Ipsus? The Pelo-
ponnesus? What did it comprise? Where was Pandosia? Epirus? Samniura?
Where was Panormus? The yEgades islands? Corsica? Sardinia? Rhodes? Sa-
guntum? Where did Hannibal cross the Alps? Where is the Trebia ? The Ticinus?
Into what river do those streams flow? Where was lake Trasimenus? Cannae? Ca-
pua? Syracuse? Where is Sicily? Zama? Illyricum? Cynoscephala? ? Thermo-
pylae? Magnesia ad Sipylum ? Liturnum? Bithynia?

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 213

B.C.

168 Insurrection of the Maccabees against Antiochus, king of Syria.
168 Paulus ^Emilius defeats Perseus at Pydna; Macedonia becomes a Ro-
man province ; Age of Hipparchus (philosopher) ; Polybius (histo-
rian), &c.

167 Epirus conquered by the Romans; 165 Age of Judas Maccabceus.
149 Third Punic war begins ; 146 Scipio destroys Carthage ; Mummius

destroys Corinth ; Agatharchides (Greek geographer).
137 Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina.
133 Numantia destroyed by the inhabitants; Spain becomes a Roman pro-
vince; The kingdom of Pergamus bequeathed to the Romans by
Attains, its last king.

131 Tiberius Gracchus treacherously slain at Potentia.
109 Jugurthine war begins; lasts five years; 106 Jugurtha betrayed by
Bocchus to the Romans ; Armenia Major becomes a Roman province.
105 Aristobulus crowned king of the Jews ; 106 Pompey born at Rome.
102 Marius defeats the Cimbri and Teutones at Aquse Sextae ; 101 defeats

the Cimbri on the Raudian Plains.

100 Birth of Julius Caesar, July 12 ; this month was named after him.
92 Bocchus sends Sylla a present of 100 lions from Africa.
89 The Mithridatic war begins ; lasts twenty-six years ; 86 Sylla defeats the
consuls Carbo and Cinna ; Metellus (consul) ; Sertorius (Roman
general) ; 78 death of Sylla ; 76 Calaguris besieged by Pompey ; the
inhabitants, reduced to extremity, feed on their wives and children,
75 Bithynia bequeathed to the Romans by Nicomedes.
73 Sertorius assassinated by Perpenna and others at Osca.
73 Servile war begins ; Roman slaves revolt against their masters, under
Spartacus ; defeated, two years afterwards, J?y Pompey and Cras-
sus.

72 Lucullus defeats Mithridates the Great atCabira; 69, defeats Tigra-
nes ; captures Tigranocerta ; 68, defeats Mithridates at Zela ; 66,
again at Nicopolis.

67 Pompey takes Coracesium ; 65, dethrones Antiochus Asiaticus.
64 Pontus annexed to Rome ; Death of Mithridates the Great.
63 Palestine conquered by Pompey ; Cataline defeated and killed at Pis-

toria.
60 First triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey and Crassus ; Age of Catullus (poet) ;

Cicero (orator) ; Sallust (historian) ; Roscius (actor), &c.
57 Gaul becomes a Roman province ; 55 Caesar invades Britain.
53 Crassus plunders the Temple of Venus at Hierapolis ; his defeat and

death, by the Parthians, near Carrhae.
51 Siege and capture of Pindenissus by Cicero.

50 Civil war between Csesar and Pompey ; 49 Caesar crosses the Rubicon ,
takes Ariminum ; 48, defeats Pompey at Pharsalia, July 30th ; death
of Pompey.

47 Caesar defeats Pharnaces at Zela ; writes from thence his famous letter
of three words, " Veni, vidi, vici ;" 46 Victorious at Thapsus ; Death
of Cato ; 45 Battle of Munda ; the last in which Caesar commanded.

.d. Of what part of Asia did it form a division? Pydna? Macedonia? How long
did it endure as a kingdom? Corinth ? Where was Numantia ? Pergamus? Pollen-
tia? Armenia Major? (The latter was that part of Armenia which lay east of the
Euphrates.) Point out Aqute Sextce. Raudian Plains. Calagurris. Bithynia. Osca.
Cabira. Tigranocerta. Zela. Nicopolis. Coracesium. Pontus. Palestine. How
many years from the end of the Babylonish captivity until the conquest of Palestine by
the Romans? Point out Pistoria. Gaul. Britain. Hierapolis. Carrhae. Pindenissus.
The Rubicon. Ariminum. Pharsalia. Zela. Thapsus. Munda.

214 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

Bri
. o.

44 Caesar killed in the Senate-house, March 15th, by Brutus, Cassius, &e.

43 Antony defeats the consul Pansa, and is defeated the same day by
Hirtius ; Cicero murdered by order of Antony ; Age of Varro (histo-
rian and philosopher) ; Diodorus Siculus and Pompeius (historians).

42 Antony and Octavius defeat Brutus and Cassius at Philippi.

37 Herod, an Idumean, placed on the Jewish throne.

31 Naval battle at Actium ; Octavius defeats Antony ; Ends the Common-
wealth of Rome.

30 Death of Antony and Cleopatra ; Egypt becomes a Roman province.

28 Roman empire begins.

27 Title of Augustus given to Octavius ; Augustan age ; Virgil, Livy
Ovid, Propertius (poets); Horace (historian); Dionysius Halicar
nassus (antiquarian).

20 Roman standards taken from Crassus restored to Augustus, by Phraates,
king of Parthia; death of Virgil.

19 Noricum and Pannonia conquered by the Romans ; Candace, queen of
Meroe, in Ethiopia, blind of an eye, invades Egypt, but is repelled.

15 Rhaetia and Vindelicia conquered by Drusus.
6 Archelaus, surnamed Herod, banished to Vienna, in Gaul.
4 JESUS CHRIST, our SAVIOUR, born four years before the vulgar era, Dec. 25.
2 Murder of the infants at Bethlehem, by order of Herod ; his death •
Archelaus succeeds him.

A. JD., First year of the Christian Era, 4004 years after the Creation.
2 Silk first introduced into Rome.
6 Procurators or governors appointed over Judea.

8 Christ, at twelve years of age, is three days in the temple.

9 Arminius or Herman, a German chief, destroys the army of Varus ,

this defeat causes a great sensation at Rome ; Ovid banished to Tomi.
14 Augustus dies at Nola, after a reign of forty-five years; succeeded by

Tiberius ; Age of Germanicus (Roman general).

20 Jews expelled from Italy by Tiberius ; 28 Age of Strabo (geographer).
29 John the Baptist commences preaching ; 30 Baptizes our Saviour.

31 Our Saviour delivers the Sermon on the Mount.

32 Feeds the 5000 ; his transfiguration ; John the Baptist beheaded.

33 Our Saviour's death ; First Christian Church at Jerusalem.

37 Conversion of St. Paul ; Death of Tiberius ; succeeded by Caligula ;

40 the latter assassinated.
41 Seneca banished to Corsica; is recalled eight years afterwards; Age

of Pomponius Mela (geographer).
43 Expedition of Claudius into Britain ; 51 Caractacus, British king, taken

as a prisoner to Rome.
52 Paul visits Athens ; 54 preaches the Gospel at Ephesus ; Age of Persius

(satirist); 60 Lucan (poet).

GO St. Paul arrested; 62 voyage to Rome; 63 arrives in that city.
61 Boadicea defeated by Suetonius Paulinus at Camulodunum.

68 Nero dies ; Josephus (historian) ; Pliny (naturalist) ; Petronius (poet).

69 Galba slain ; Suicide of Otho ; Vitellus slain.

Q,. Point out Philippi. Actimn. How long did the Roman commonwealth last?
Where was Parthia ? Meroe ? In what direction did Candace march to invade Egypt ?
Where were Noricum? Pannonia? Rlnelia? Vindelicia? To what modern coun-
tries do these correspond ? On what river was Vienna? Where is Bethlehem ? Neai
what rivers was Varus defeated? On what sea was Tomi ? Where was Nola? Ca-
inulodunum?

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 215

A.D.

70 Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus, Sept. 8th ; Agricola's fleet sails
around Britain ; Agricola promotes useful arts among the Britons.

76 Agricola defeats Galgacus at the foot of the Grampian Hills.

"J9 Herculaneum, Pompeii, and other cities, overwhelmed by an eruption
of Mount Vesuvius ; Death of the elder Pliny.

81 Titus dies, aged 40; Age of Martial (poet); Quintilian (rhetorician).

96 Domitian slain; Age of Tacitus (historian); Juvenal (satirist).
103 Dacia conquered by Trajan ; 106 Age of Pliny the younger ; Plutarch
117 Death of Trajan, at Selinus, in Cilicia ; succeeded by Adrian.
120 Wall built by Adrian across Britain.

139 Death of Adrian, aged 71 ; Antoninus (emperor) ; Ptolemy (geographer).

140 Wall built by Antoninus across Britain.

169 Death of Polycarp the Martyr; Age of Galen (physician).

180 Marcus Aurelius (emperor) dies at Sirmium.

192 The Emperor Commodus slain ; Pertinax succeeds him.

194 Scverus defeats Niger at Issus ; becomes emperor.

210 Wall built across Britain by Severus ; 218 Heliogabalus emperor.

226 Artaxerxes founds 2d Persian empire ; Dynasty of the Sassanides begins.

238 Maximinus killed by his own soldiers before the walls of Aquileia,

This ernperor was a monster of cruelty, and of gigantic size and

strength, being eight feet high.
259 Sapor I. captures the emperor Valerian, and flays him alive ; Odenatus

king of Palmyra; Gallienus succeeds Valerian.

267 Odenatus dies ; Zenobia,his wife, assumes the title of Queen of the East.
270 Death of Claudius; Aurelian succeeds; regards Zenobia as a usurper;

272 defeats her at Antioch and Emesa ; 273 captures Palmyra ; takes

Zenobia prisoner ; puts Longinus, her secretary, to death.
275 Emperor Tacitus ; 282 Emperor Probus killed, near Sirmium.
286 Age of the emperors Diocletian and Maximianus.

305 Both resign their authority to enjoy private life ; the first retires to

Salona, in Illyricum, and the other to Lucania.

306 Constantine the Great proclaimed emperor ; 313 establishes Christian-

ity as the religion of the empire; 315 defeats Licinius at Cibalis ;

324, again at AdrianopoHs ; 328 removes the government from Rome

to Byzantium.
338 Death of Constantine ; succeeded by his sons Constantinus, Constan-

tius and Constans.
348 Sapor defeats Constantius at Singara ; 350 Constantius sole emperor ;

351 defeats Magnentius at Mursa ; 353, again at Mons Seleucus.
360 Julian the Apostate (emperor) ; 363 dies ; Next year Jovian dies.
367 Age of Ausonius (poet); 375 Emperor Gratian.

378 Valens defeated by the Goths at Adrianopolis. This was the most dis-
astrous defeat experienced by the Romans since the battle of Cannae.
380 Age of St. Augustine, one of the fathers of the Church.
395 Theodosius, emperor, divides the Roman empire between his sons Arca-

dius and Honorius, into Eastern and Western.

Q,. Where was Herculaneum ? Pompeii ? Near what modern city are these two placet
•ituaU'il? Where was Dacia? Selinus? Point out the Roman wall built by Adrian.
What JEst. or frith was its western termination ? What river its eastern ? Point out
the Wall of Antoninus. On what river did it terminate west? On what JEst. east?
For what purpose were these walls built? Point out Sirmium. Issus. What other
battle was fought there more than 500 years previous ? Point out the Wall of Severus.
Where was Palmyra? Antioch? Emesa? Sirmium? Lucania? Salona? Cibalis?
Adrianopolis? Byzantium? Its modern name? Singara? Mursa? Mons Seleu-
cus ? How many years between the battles of Adrianopolis and Cannae ?

216 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

A. D.

403 Stilicho defeated by the Goths at Pollentia.

407 The Alans, Vandals and Sueves invade Gaul and Spain.

408 Alaric takes Rome first time; 409, second time; 410, third time; the

city given up to plunder for six days; Death of Alaric ; Kingdom of
Burgundy founded.

441 Age of St. Patrick ; 448 Romans leave Britain ; Next year Angles and
Saxons land under Hengist and Horsa.

451 Attila defeated at Durocatalaunum ; 452 destroys Aquileia ; 453 Dies

455 Rome captured by Geneseric, king of the Vandals : Heptarchy estab
lished in Britain.

474 Romulus Augustulus, last emperor of the West.

476 End of the Roman Empire.

489 Odoacer, chief of the Heruli, becomes king of Italy ; Ostrogoths invade
Italy and defeat Odoacer.

496 Clovis the Great, king of France ; Feudal system begins.

529 Age of Justinian ; Belisarius (Roman general).

622 Mahomet, aged 53, flies from Mecca to Medina, which forms the first
year of the Hegira or Mahometan Era.

632 Death of Mahomet ; Abubeker, his successor or first Caliph.

636 Saracens conquer Egypt ; destroy the Alexandrian Library.

712 The Moors invade Spain ; 713 conquer the Visigoths.

742 Charlemagne, son of Pepin the Short, born; 768 crowned king of the
Franks; 774 crowned king of Italy ; 800 crowned Emperor of the
West, by Pope Leo III.; 814 Dies. Charlemagne was the most
powerful Christian monarch of the middle ages : he was a renowned
warrior : he also encouraged learning and religion, and collected
around him the most noted scholars of his time.

827 The Heptarchy united under Egbert, king of England.

843 Kenneth Macalpine first king of Scotland.

849 Alfred, king of England, born ; 872 ascends the throne ; 901 Dies.
This monarch rescued his country from the power of the Danes ; en-
couraged learning and religion ; enacted wise laws, and laid the
foundation of the naval power of Britain
1000 Brian Boru or Brian the Great, king of all Ireland.
1066 Danes expelled from England; 1095 Crusades begin, last until 1270.
1164 Gengis Khan, Tartar conqueror, born ; subdues China, and half the
rest of Asia, besides a portion of Eastern Europe; Dies A. D. 1227.
1172 Henry II. assumes the title of Lord of Ireland.

1335 Tamerlane, Tartar conqueror, born; 1307 makes Samarcandhis capi-
tal ; 1390 invades Hindoostan ; conquers many countries in the East ;
1402 defeats Bajazet, Sultan of the Turks, at Ancyra or Angora ;
takes him prisoner, and, according to some accounts, confines him
in an iron cage.
(453 Constantinople taken by the Turks, which ends the Eastern Empire.

Q,. Where was Tollentia? Durocatalaunum? Aquileia? When was Mahomet born?
How many years is it since the commencement of the Mahometan Era? How Jong
was Egypt a Roman province? How long did Charlemagne live? Alfred? How
many years did the Crusades last ? Where is Sainarcand ? Hindoostan ? Ancyra ?

THE END,

1855 4

G Mitchell, Samuel Augustus
84 Mitchell's ancient

M6 geography
1850

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